Clientelism and development: Vote-buying meets patronage

Offering employment in the public sector in exchange for electoral support (patronage politics) and vote-buying are clientelistic practices frequently used by political machines. In the literature, these practices are typically studied in isolation. In this paper, we study how the interaction between these two practices (as opposed to having just one tool) affects economic development. We present a theoretical model of political competition, where, before the election, the incumbent chooses the level of state investment that can improve productivity in the private sector. This decision affects the income levels of employees in the private sector, and, thereby, the costs and effectiveness of vote-buying and patronage. We show that when the politician can use both clientelistic instruments simultaneously, his opportunity cost for clientelism in terms of foregone future taxes declines. As a result, the equilibrium amount of public investment is typically lower when both tools are available than otherwise.

Contested Internationalized Statism in the US

This chapter examines debates about openness towards Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF) investments in the United States. Although the US is often seen as economically liberal and open, there has been powerful political pressure to restrict overseas investment. Congress has sought increased restrictions on grounds of national security. In contrast, traditionally the executive has favoured openness on grounds of free trade and foreign policy, although recent presidents have also supported greater controls. The outcome of these contending views has been low but directed internationalized statism as the legislative framework has become increasingly restrictive and discriminated against state investment. The case of the US shows the importance of executive and legislative interests and powers in influencing the level and form of internationalized statism. It also points to the need to go beyond labels of ‘liberal’ or ‘statist’ in analysing policies towards overseas states entering domestic financial markets.

Sovereign Wealth Funds and International Regulation

This chapter discusses the rise of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) as an example of the wider phenomenon of overseas state investment. It sets out the striking expansion in the number and financial size of SWFs, most of which are located in the Middle East and Asia, and then summarizes the lively debates about whether SWF investments are a threat to the West and how they should be regulated at the international level. It then considers the international legal and normative framework that has been created to regulate SWFs, as well as the key relevant elements of the EU’s policies and legal regulation. It concludes that there is little evidence that a binding international regulatory framework that strongly constrains the choices of recipient countries through law or norms has been established. Thus, much scope for national choices about policies towards SWF equity investments remains.

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AS AN INSTRUMENT OF STATE INVESTMENT POLICY: ECONOMIC MODELS AND LEGAL REGULATION

The article presents the organizational and legal characteristics of public-private part-nership as one of the effective instruments of state financial policy. The origin of the PPP institute in foreign countries is considered: Great Britain, USA, etc. The branches of law regulating PPP in the Russian Federation are characterized. The advantages of PPP for the state and business are described: reducing the burden on the budget, access to state assets, synergy of the administrative resource of the state and the innovative po-tential of business, etc. The PPP models are characterized: ВОТ, DBOT, BOOT, etc., as well as organizational and legal forms of PPP implementation: concession, life cycle partnership, etc.

Development: Opening Space for New Zealand Women's Participation in Scriptwriting for Feature Films?

<p>This thesis explores whether an analytical practice, combining creative writing with activism and based in academia, can help open space for more women scriptwriters within New Zealand feature filmmaking. It links autoethnography with activist and experience-based methodologies within a creative writing framework that includes a memoir, an essay, a report, diaries and emails, an essay screenplay and weblogging, to present multiple views of an investigation into state investment in women‘s feature filmmaking and the researcher‘s own experience as an activist researcher and apprentice scriptwriter. It concludes that, within an analytical creative writing practice, autoethnography‘s accommodation of a single researcher participant‘s shifting roles may help to open space for women scriptwriters to contribute to New Zealand feature films.</p>

Development: Opening Space for New Zealand Women's Participation in Scriptwriting for Feature Films?

<p>This thesis explores whether an analytical practice, combining creative writing with activism and based in academia, can help open space for more women scriptwriters within New Zealand feature filmmaking. It links autoethnography with activist and experience-based methodologies within a creative writing framework that includes a memoir, an essay, a report, diaries and emails, an essay screenplay and weblogging, to present multiple views of an investigation into state investment in women‘s feature filmmaking and the researcher‘s own experience as an activist researcher and apprentice scriptwriter. It concludes that, within an analytical creative writing practice, autoethnography‘s accommodation of a single researcher participant‘s shifting roles may help to open space for women scriptwriters to contribute to New Zealand feature films.</p>

УПРАВЛІННЯ ІННОВАЦІЯМИ ЯК ФАКТОР РОЗВИТКУ ГАЛУЗЕЙ ЕКОНОМІКИ УЗБЕКИСТАНУ

This article examines the role of investment and innovation in ensuring stable macroeconomic growth and the main directions of the state investment strategy of Uzbekistan. The purpose of the study is to analyze investments and innovations as a factor in the development of sectors of the economy of Uzbekistan. The study used the methodology of logical, historical, statistical and comparative analysis, methods of expert assessments, economic modeling, a method for assessing the reliability of qualitative and quantitative statistical indicators. The main hypothesis of the study was the assumption that without innovation, capital investments may be ineffective and even harmful, prolonging the future production of uncompetitive products. Presentation of the main material. The national aspect of sustainable development for the Republic of Uzbekistan is determined, first of all, by its formation as a sovereign state, the need for the fastest way out of socio-economic difficulties and environmental tension, raising the standard of living of the population, entering the world community, maintaining good-neighborly relations with other countries of the world and mutually beneficial cooperation. The practical significance of the work lies in the application by the executive authorities of the research results when drawing up medium-term and long-term programs for the socio-economic development of Uzbekistan. Conclusions and prospects for further research. The main directions of the state investment strategy can be formulated as follows: pursuing a targeted policy to deepen structural reforms; comprehensive support of priority industries in order to ensure the high competitiveness of domestic products in the domestic and world markets

Rural and Agrarian Transformation 1984–2018 in Three Marginal Villages in Njombe Region, Tanzania

When the author of this chapter first visited the region he encountered a place that was characterized by very high levels of poverty. These villages had not been able to benefit from state investment in maize production. However, changes in agricultural production, migration of people outside the area, and remittances, and in particular the explosion of tree farming, tomatoes, and potatoes in a relatively rich area, combined with infrastructural improvements, have been transformative. Change here has been driven by a mutually interlinked set of processes entailing agricultural transformation involving changing farming and rural transformation in a changing rural economy. This is visible in changes to asset ownership as well as relational and social well-being.

European rent crisis could become a defining issue

Significance Rental rises are most acute in major cities, where institutional funds with substantial wealth have increased their weight in the rental market, making housing less affordable. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the renting crisis, with many of those who rent in cities disproportionately affected by the economic effects of the lockdowns. Impacts The return to ‘normal’ following the COVID-19 crisis will see other issues, like the rent crisis, grow in political salience. State investment in housing may suffer as countries prioritise spending on public health and education following COVID-19. Building costs have risen substantially in cities including Geneva, Zurich, London and Dublin over the last few years.

The Negative Role of Corruption for the Attractiveness of Foreign Direct Investment

The article examines the relevance of the correlation between the index of corruption perception and the index of the attractiveness of foreign direct investment in the formation and implementation of state investment policy and the impact of development projects of countries that implement analytical formulas of multiple regressions. And we recognize some important drivers and factors of modelling the problems of foreign direct investment, which are associated with attracting into the economy, increasing the attractiveness of its development. The real examples are given related to corruption and foreign direct investment studied by different scientists of the world. The task is set how it will determine how much corruption in the world will affect the attractiveness of foreign investors by means of selected countries.