The use of different xylanase sources and a protease in wheat-based diets for weaner pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 154-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schulze ◽  
G. G. Partridge ◽  
B. P. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Feed Enzymes ◽  
Growth Trial ◽  
Weaner Pigs ◽  
Antinutritive Factors ◽  
Endogenous Enzymes

There is much current interest in the potential of suitable in-feed enzymes to improve digestibility and productive performance in pigs. However, in order to improve the nutritional value of feed by enzyme supplementation it is important to match enzyme characteristics to both the substrates present and the animal species concerned. The main antinutritive factors in wheat are arabinoxylans and they comprise over 50% of the total NSP's in the whole grain. Since monogastric animals do not possess the endogenous enzymes to break down the cell wall structures of wheat, which consist mainly of arabinoxylans, the addition of xylan degrading enzymes should be considered. Therefore, a growth trial in weaner pigs was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing a pelleted wheat/soya - based diet with two different xylanase sources (Trichoderma spp.), provided at the same activity levels in a premix (xyl#l and xyl#2). A third enzyme treatment incorporated the same level of xyl#l in conjunction with a protease (pro) obtained from Bacillus subtilis.

Digestion of unmolassed sugar-beet pulp in young growing pigs and implications for the growth-supporting values of fermented energy

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Q. Zhu ◽  
V. R. Fowler ◽  
M. F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Growth Trial ◽  
Gut Fermentation ◽  
Endogenous Enzymes

ABSTRACTExperiments involving both digestion and growth trials were undertaken to compare the responses of pigs to two increments of digested energy resulting either from gut fermentation or from digestion by endogenous enzymes in the small intestine. Unmolassed sugar-beet pulp (SBP) and maize starch (MS) were selected as model materials for these two systems. A control diet was formulated to fulfil the needs of pigs for all essential nutrients apart from energy. This diet was offered according to a scale set at about twice the maintenance energy requirement. The two SBP diets contained 150 and 300 g SBP per kg (SBP15 and SBP30) and the two MS diets 100 and 200 g MS per kg (MS10 and MS20). Sixty observations were made with 10 female and 20 male growing pigs to provide information on digestion. The results showed that the energy in SBP and MS had an apparent digestibility of 0·74 and 0·98 respectively (s.e.d. 0025). The neutral-detergent fibre fraction of SBP had a digestibility of 0·81 (s.e. 0·055). Forty pigs (20 male and 20 female) were involved in the growth trial. The responses of pigs to increments of different digestible energy (DE) were measured in terms of daily carcass-weight gain. The results gave values of 435, 478, 527, 511 and 567 (s.e.d. 17·3) g/day for the control, SBP15, SBP30, MS 10 and MS20 treatments respectively. These results suggest that the apparent DE of SBP is used for carcass growth with an efficiency of 0·57 (s.e. 0·012) relative to the DE from MS.

The influence of dietary cereal grain source and feed enzymes on the cooking properties and palatability attributes of beef

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Jeremiah ◽  
K. A. Beauchemin ◽  
S. D. M. Jones ◽  
L. L. Gibson ◽  
L. M. Rode
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Texture Profile ◽  
Cooking Properties ◽  
Beef Flavor ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Feed Enzymes ◽  
Matter Basis

A total of 54 crossbred steers of similar genotype were randomly allocated to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments including 2 diets (corn vs. barley) and 3 enzyme treatments (control, enzyme 1, and enzyme 2). Diets consisted of 95% concentrate and 5% silage for 105 to 147 d, following a 14-d step-up period from a 30% concentrate, 70% silage diet (dry matter basis). All animals were slaughtered using simulated commercial conditions after attaining a mean weight of 567.5 kg. The longissimus thoracis (LT) muscles were excised between the 9th and 12th ribs at 24 h postmortem. They were then vacuum packaged and aged for 14 d at 2 °C, before being frozen at −30 °C for subsequent evaluation by an experienced semi-trained laboratory panel and a highly trained flavor/texture profile panel. Source of dietary grain and dietary enzyme treatment generally failed to produce any important effects on the cooking properties or palatability attributes of beef. Beef from animals fed barley-based diets was slightly inferior to beef from animals fed corn in certain flavor attributes. Addition of dietary enzymes to the feed, irrespective of the source of dietary grain, appeared to produce a slightly beneficial effect on beef flavor. The magnitude of these effects, however, makes them of little or no practical importance. Key words: Beef, palatability, cooking properties, corn, barley, dietary enzymes

Relation between in vivo and in vitro fermentation of oligosaccharides in weaner pigs

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 57-59
Author(s):  
J.G.M. Houdijk ◽  
B.A. Williams ◽  
S. Tamminga ◽  
M.W.A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Sterile Saline ◽  
Weaner Pigs ◽  
Endogenous Enzymes ◽  
Cheese Cloth

Non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs), including fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and trans-galacto-oligosaccharides (TOS), are not digested by endogenous enzymes, but may be fermented by bacteria such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (Tomomatsu, 1994). Thus, dietary NDOs may alter fermentation characteristics of the microflora of the host. In this experiment, in vivo and in vitro fermentation characteristics of NDOs in weaner pigs were studied, using the cumulative gas production technique (Theodorou et al.,1994).A NDO-free control diet (CON), with oatshuskmeal (OHM) as a fibre source, and this diet with 40 g FOS (FOS40) or TOS (TOS40) per kg (w/w against cellulose) was restrictedly fed for 7 weeks (2.6*Em) to 3 groups of four 35-day old individually housed weaner pigs. Total faeces were collected from day 13-18 to determine crude fibre digestibility. Pigs were fitted with a PVTC-cannula on day 21 (Van Leeuwen et al, 1991). Inocula for gas production were anaerobically prepared from faeces (day 14-16) and ileal chyme (day 33-35, via PVTC-cannula). Samples were diluted (1:4) with sterile saline and filtered through cheese cloth. Five ml filtrate were injected into airtight bottles, containing 80 ml growth medium and no substrate (BLA) or 0.25 g FOS, TOS or OHM as sole energy source.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Effect of Serine Proteases on Collagenase Activity during Human Islet Isolation

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 821-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natisha L. Rose ◽  
Monica M. Palcic ◽  
Jonathan R. T. Lakey
Keyword(s):  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Human Islet ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Human Pancreas ◽  
Islet Isolation ◽  
Collagenase Activity ◽  
Collagenase Digestion ◽  
Endogenous Enzymes

Inconsistencies in human islet yields after collagenase digestion have been attributed to the activation of endogenous enzymes of the donor pancreas. It has been suggested that pancreatic serine proteases contribute to the proteolysis of collagenase. This study defined the effects of endogenous enzymes within the pancreas on pancreas dissociation during collagenase digestion. Levels of collagenase activity from samples taken throughout several steps in islet isolation procedures, both with and without the addition of the serine protease inhibitor Pefabloc, were determined by a spectrophotometric assay using N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-Leu-Gly-Pro-Ala as the substrate. Results clearly demonstrated that the level of collagenase activity remains stable throughout the isolation procedure despite differences in the donor factors from several cadaveric donor pancreases. This was further demonstrated by observing no difference in activity levels after incubating commercial collagenase preparations with serine proteases and analyzing by means of collagenase activity and SDS-PAGE. These data show that the presence of serine proteases does not affect the level of collagenase activity; however, they likely damage the islet cells upon prolonged digestion of the pancreatic tissue. Further efforts at examining exogenous and endogenous enzyme levels may result in the development of an enzyme cocktail that is both stable and effective for digesting the human pancreas while preserving islet function and viability.

Author response for "Perceptual rivalry across animal species"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Carter ◽  
Bruno Swinderen ◽  
David Leopold ◽  
Shaun Collin ◽  
Alex Maier
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Perceptual Rivalry

Anchoring Fibrils in Arterial Endothelium

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 274-275
Author(s):  
A. Trillo
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Internal Elastic Lamina ◽  
Endothelial Cell Layer ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Arterial Endothelium ◽  
Elastic Lamina

There are conflicting reports regarding some fine structural details of arteries from several animal species. Buck denied the existence of a sub-endothelial space, while Karrer and Keech described a space of variable width which separates the endothelium from the underlying internal elastic lamina in aortas of aging rats and mice respectively.The present communication deals with the ultrastrueture of the interface between the endothelial cell layer and the internal elastic lamina as observed in carotid arteries from rabbits of varying ages.

Ultrastructure and Drug Metabolism in the Developing Guinea Pig

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 538-539
Author(s):  
W. Kuenzig ◽  
M. Boublik ◽  
J.J. Kamm ◽  
J.J. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Adult Animal ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidase ◽  
Cytochrome P 450 ◽  
Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidase Activity

Unlike a variety of other animal species, such as the rabbit, mouse or rat, the guinea pig has a relatively long gestation period and is a more fully developed animal at birth. Kuenzig et al. reported that drug metabolic activity which increases very slowly during fetal life, increases rapidly after birth. Hepatocytes of a 3-day old neonate metabolize drugs and reduce cytochrome P-450 at a rate comparable to that observed in the adult animal. Moreover the administration of drugs like phenobarbital to pregnant guinea pigs increases the microsomal mixed function oxidase activity already in the fetus.Drug metabolic activity is, generally, localized within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) of the hepatocyte.

Further Studies on the Ultrastructure of Harderian Gland in Adult Rats

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Alfredo Feria-Velasco ◽  
Guadalupe Tapia-Arizmendi
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Harderian Gland ◽  
Myoepithelial Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Cell Components

The fine structure of the Harderian gland has been described in some animal species (hamster, rabbit, mouse, domestic fowl and albino rats). There are only two reports in the literature dealing on the ultrastructure of rat Harderian gland in adult animals. In one of them the author describes the myoepithelial cells in methacrylate-embbeded tissue, and the other deals with the maturation of the acinar cells and the formation of the secretory droplets. The aim of the present work is to analize the relationships among the acinar cell components and to describe the two types of cells located at the perifery of the acini.

Temperature Dependence of Magnetic Domains and Wall Structures

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 496-497
Author(s):  
Sonoko Tsukahara ◽  
Tadami Taoka ◽  
Hisao Nishizawa
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Magnetic Domain ◽  
Iron Film ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Lorentz Microscopy ◽  
Domain Structures ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Crystal Films ◽  
Metallurgical Structure

The high voltage Lorentz microscopy was successfully used to observe changes with temperature; of domain structures and metallurgical structures in an iron film set on the hot stage combined with a goniometer. The microscope used was the JEM-1000 EM which was operated with the objective lens current cut off to eliminate the magnetic field in the specimen position. Single crystal films with an (001) plane were prepared by the epitaxial growth of evaporated iron on a cleaved (001) plane of a rocksalt substrate. They had a uniform thickness from 1000 to 7000 Å.The figure shows the temperature dependence of magnetic domain structure with its corresponding deflection pattern and metallurgical structure observed in a 4500 Å iron film. In general, with increase of temperature, the straight domain walls decrease in their width (at 400°C), curve in an iregular shape (600°C) and then vanish (790°C). The ripple structures with cross-tie walls are observed below the Curie temperature.

Ruthenium red and alcian blue effects on outer structures of methanotrophic bacteria

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
T.A. Fassel ◽  
M.J. Schaller ◽  
C.C. Remsen
Keyword(s):  
Research Effort ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Methanotrophic Bacteria ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Methylosinus Trichosporium ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Methylomonas Albus ◽  
Type Strains ◽  
Outer Cell Wall

Methane, a contributor to the “greenhouse effect”, is oxidized in the natural environment by methanotrophic bacteria. As part of a comprehensive research effort, we have been examining the ultrastructure of methanotrophs. These microorganisms have complex outer cell wall structures similar to those frequently found in other chemol itho- trophic bacteria. (1,2)In our work, we have focused on the “type” strains of Methylomonas albus BG8 and Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. Between Spurr and LR White embedding resins, we found a difference 1n the preservation of an outer cup layer of BG8 external to the peripheral membranes. Cells from the same sample embedded in Spurr consistently lacked this feature (FIG. 1). This effect was overcome by an en bloc ruthenium red (RR) protocol that resulted in successful retention of the cup layer in Spurr resin (FIG. 2). For OB3b cells, the en bloc RR protocol resulted in an exterior bead feature distinguishable in thin section (FIG. 4) that previously was seen only by SEM.

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