Aircraft in Agriculture

1959 ◽  
Vol 63 (585) ◽  
pp. 531-540
Author(s):  
R. H. Scott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Grass Seed

Of the million acres occupied for farming in New Zealand approximately million acres or 66 per cent are too steep to be cultivated by implements. The productive capacity of much of this country can be improved by oversowing with clovers and grass seed, and the application of superphosphate, but there was little opportunity to do this on an extensive scale other than spreading laboriously by hand until aircraft were used for the purpose.

Endophyte in New Zealand ryegrass pastures, an overview

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
H.S. Easton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Grassland Productivity ◽  
Different Parts

Ryegrass pastures in New Zealand are usually infected with the ryegrass endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii). The endophyte provides protection from invertebrate attack, discourages overgrazing by livestock and perhaps confers other advantages enhancing ryegrass persistence. The endophyte lifecycle is completed within the plant, and transmission is uniquely through the grass seed. Within the plant, the endophyte synthesises a range of compounds, some of which have been identified as responsible for known endophyte effects on pasture invertebrates and on livestock. The concentrations of these compounds vary in different parts of the plant, with plant age and in response to environmental influences. While endophyte has wellknown adverse effects on livestock (reviewed elsewhere in this volume), it contributes positively to grassland productivity in New Zealand. Keywords: endophyte, Lolium, Neotyphodium lolii, pest resistance, ryegrass

Problems of amenity grass seed production in New Zealand

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
L. Corkill ◽  
W. Rumball
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Breeding Management ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Selection Of

The problems of seed production of amenity grasses in New Zealand are considered from two aspects - (a) increasing seed potential by breeding; (b) achieving that potential by good management as practised in the Netherlands, (a) In terms of breeding, the strategies to increase seed yield depended to some degree on the species concerned. With browntop it was necessary to discard about two-thirds of the most promising genotypes because of poor heading, but the remaining genotypes flowered freely and in unison, and gave good seed yields. With fescue even the best original plants were sparsely heading, so direct selection for prolificacy has been needed. This was also carried out for perennial ryegrass, as well as selection of early-heading genotypes to avoid infection by stem rust. (b) It is suggested that areas for seed of amenity grasses in New Zealand should be used for seed production only rather than for both forage and seed as is the usual practice. Techniques used in the Netherlands could serve as guidelines to procedures. The implications of low seeding rates, good weed control, high fertilizer applications and minimum cutting or grazing in promoting strong individual plants capable of high seed yields are discussed. Keywords: Amenity grass, seed production, New Zealand, breeding, management, Netherlands, Agrostis tenuis, Festuca rubra, Lolium perenne

Phoma epicoccina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Epicoccum Nigrum ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Disease Information ◽  
Irish Republic

Abstract A description is provided for Phoma epicoccina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS AND SUBSTRATA: Avena seeds, Beta vulgaris, Dacrylis glomerata, Malus sp., Phaseolus sp., Triticum sp., Zea mays, air and straw decaying in soil. DISEASE: Information on pathogenicity is still unclear, but according to Herb. IMI records P. epicoccina has been isolated from necrotic leaf lesions in the Irish Republic and also in UK. It is a common contaminant of grass seeds (Tulloch & Leach, 1972) and beet seed. As the Epicoccum state of P. epicoccina is indistinguishable from Epicoccum nigrum Link (=E. purpurescens Ehrenb. ; CMI Descriptions 680) it is possible that the former could be confused with the latter. From the available data, P. epicoccina could be regarded as a saprophyte or a weak pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India); Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (France, Irish Republic, Netherlands, Sweden, UK); North America (Canada, USA, Oregon). TRANSMISSION: The Epicoccum state has been isolated from air and also commonly associated with orchard grass seed (Tulloch & Leach, 1972). Conidia are presumably dispersed by air and also seed-borne.

scholarly journals The place of amenity grass seed production.

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 24-25
Author(s):  
G.S. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Agrostis Tenuis

In recent years the supply of seed of local types of fine turf grasses has decreased. This has resulted in the need for the importation of overseas cultivars of browntop, creeping bent grass and red fescue. These have generally proved to be very effective in producing high-quality turf. The coarser types of turf used in sportsfields for football and cricket are ideally ryegrass-dominant. Fine-leaved perennial ryegrasses have been developed overseas. and experimental plantings of these in New Zealand look very promising. Keywords: Amenity grass, New Zealand, Agrostis tenuis Lolium perenne, Agrostis palustris, Festuca rubra.

scholarly journals Plant protection guides for organic arable and vegetable crops a growers resource

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 351-351
Author(s):  
D.A.J. Teulon ◽  
P.J. Cameron ◽  
G.W. Bourdot ◽  
D. Curtin ◽  
M. Ralston
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
General Section ◽  
And Control

A New Zealand guide for pest, disease and weed management in organic arable andvegetable crops was developed. This guide is a resource for current organic growers andtheir consultants, as well as those contemplating converting to organics. It includesinformation collected from a wide range of sources within New Zealand and overseas.The guide has three parts: (I) a general section on the principles of soil, pest and diseaseand weed management in organic systems, (II) an arable section covering barley, borage,clover seed, grass seed, lentils, linseed, maize and wheat, and (III) a vegetable sectioncovering asparagus, brassicas, capsicum, carrot, onion, peas, potato, squash and tomato.For each crop there is a summary of the main pests, diseases and weeds to identify thepotential risks to organic growing. The options for preventing or managing these risksthat are available to organic growers given the cropping operations and control alternativesavailable to them are then described. This guide aims to fill the current gap between“introductory” and “anecdotal” organic publications with comprehensive documentationof growing operations that have been used successfully in specific crops for organicpest, disease and weed management.

National and export trends in herbage seed production

2004 ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
N.B. Pyke ◽  
M.P. Rolston ◽  
D.R. Woodfield
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Seed Industry

The viability of the New Zealand herbage seed industry is influenced by national and international factors and changes in consumer requirements. Four main species perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), tall fesuce (Festuca arundinacea) and white clover (Trifolium repens), account for more than 98% of the herbage seed grown in New Zealand. Annual production averages 22000 t, of which 70 to 80% is grass seed with perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) being the largest component. There have also been significant production changes among species with Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorium) in particular increasing in importance, with production doubling between 1999 and 2003. There has been a marked reduction in total area for herbage seed production over the past decade, however, this has been offset, particularly in ryegrass, by higher seed yields per ha. These improvements in seed yield have primarily been achieved through implementation of better management techniques. The increased use of the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl has been very beneficial in grass seed production. There has also been a major shift in New Zealand seed production towards the production of proprietary cultivars. In white clover, for example, proprietary cultivars represented less than 10% of production in 1991 but have increased to 57% in 2003. The rapid uptake of the novel AR1 endophyte technology in proprietary ryegrass cultivars, which has grown from 0% in 2000 to 21% of perennial and hybrid proprietary ryegrass seed produced in 2003, is an excellent example of what can be achieved with an addedvalue product. The future viability of the New Zealand herbage seed industry requires further development of identifiable added value traits associated with the seed. Keywords: AR1 endophyte, plant growth regulators, production statistics, ryegrass, seed production, tall fescue, white clover

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