National and export trends in herbage seed production

2004 ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
N.B. Pyke ◽  
M.P. Rolston ◽  
D.R. Woodfield
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Seed Industry

The viability of the New Zealand herbage seed industry is influenced by national and international factors and changes in consumer requirements. Four main species perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), tall fesuce (Festuca arundinacea) and white clover (Trifolium repens), account for more than 98% of the herbage seed grown in New Zealand. Annual production averages 22000 t, of which 70 to 80% is grass seed with perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) being the largest component. There have also been significant production changes among species with Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorium) in particular increasing in importance, with production doubling between 1999 and 2003. There has been a marked reduction in total area for herbage seed production over the past decade, however, this has been offset, particularly in ryegrass, by higher seed yields per ha. These improvements in seed yield have primarily been achieved through implementation of better management techniques. The increased use of the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl has been very beneficial in grass seed production. There has also been a major shift in New Zealand seed production towards the production of proprietary cultivars. In white clover, for example, proprietary cultivars represented less than 10% of production in 1991 but have increased to 57% in 2003. The rapid uptake of the novel AR1 endophyte technology in proprietary ryegrass cultivars, which has grown from 0% in 2000 to 21% of perennial and hybrid proprietary ryegrass seed produced in 2003, is an excellent example of what can be achieved with an addedvalue product. The future viability of the New Zealand herbage seed industry requires further development of identifiable added value traits associated with the seed. Keywords: AR1 endophyte, plant growth regulators, production statistics, ryegrass, seed production, tall fescue, white clover

scholarly journals "GRASSLANDS 4707": A NEW TETRAPLOID WESTERN WOLTHS RYEGRASS

1966 ◽  
pp. 184-194
Author(s):  
P.C. Barclay ◽  
E.W. Vartha
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Certification Scheme ◽  
Fodder Grass

WESTERN WOLTHS, the extreme annual form of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), is a fodder grass which orginated in the Netherlands (De Haan, 1955). Thirty to forty years ago it was widely used in Canterbury but its use died out with the advent of the certification scheme and the availability of good perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures. Saxby (1956) states that the questionable value of Western Wolths ryegrass has not warranted its inclusion in the certification scheme, and that in 1956 genuine seed was practically non-existent on the New Zealand market.

scholarly journals The effect of vegetation area size on grass seed yield

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savo Vuckovic ◽  
Aleksandar Simic ◽  
Branko Cupina ◽  
Ivana Stojanovic ◽  
R. Stanisavljevic
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
The World ◽  
Seed Yields

This paper surveys sowing norms (row spacing and seed rate) in both our country and the world, as well as the optimal seed rates in grass seed production. It gives a short overview of row spacings and seed rates applied in our and some other countries. Earlier, grass cultivated for the purpose of seed production was grown on small vegetation area. According to some researches, high seed yields can be achieved by cultivating grass on large vegetation area. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the highest cocksfoot, timothy, meadow fescue, tall fescue seed yield was achieved with plants grown in 50 cm spaced rows employing lower seed rates (8 and 4 kg/ha of seeds). The highest Italian ryegrass and perennial ryegrass seed yield was achieved with plants grown in 20 cm spaced rows employing 20 kg/ha of seeds.

scholarly journals Availability of seed for hill country adapted forage legumes

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 257-267
Author(s):  
S. Monk ◽  
D.J. Moot ◽  
B. Belgrave ◽  
M.P. Rolston ◽  
J.R. Caradus
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Seed Supply ◽  
Farm Production ◽  
On Farm

New Zealand hill and high country are marginal environments for perennial ryegrass and white clover. Other pasture species, particularly legumes, provide more productive and persistent options for the range of soil climate and topography found in these environments. On cultivatable hill country, lucerne (alfalfa) has been successfully introduced to dryland areas with imported seed increasing five-fold to 210 t per annum over the last decade. This has led to the first release of a New Zealand selected cultivar in 20 years. For subterranean clover reliance on hardseeded Australian cultivars that frequently fail to meet New Zealand biosecurity standards means seed supply is inconsistent. The potential exists to create a niche seed market through selection of locally adapted material grown for seed in New Zealand. Lotus pedunculatus is available commercially but seed often fails to meet certification standards and is predominantly used in forestry. Lotus corniculatus requires agronomic research to overcome some management constraints and the re-establishment of seed supply before it would be a viable option for drier hill country. Seed production for perennial lupins in New Zealand is predominantly for an export ornamental market, with some direct relationships with growers allowing onfarm use. Caucasian clover seed production has ceased in New Zealand and the demand for seed particularly from high country farmers is no longer met. The smallseeded annual balansa clover is being integrated into farm systems and its prolific seeding has enabled some on-farm production of seed for personal use. For it and arrowleaf and Persian clovers, imported cultivars are available and a local market is unlikely to thrive until agronomic and hard seed issues are addressed. Seed supply of forage legumes to satisfy demand for hill country is problematic and will require development of different models including grower co-ops, regional seed retailers, and on-farm production for niche markets. Keywords: alfalfa, Lolium perenne, Lupinus polyphyllus, Medicago sativa, perennial ryegrass, Sitona lepidus, Trifolium ambiguum, Trifolium michelianum, Trifolium repens, Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium tumens, Trifolium vesiculosum, white clover

scholarly journals Herbage Seed: Production and Research - A review of 50 years

1989 ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
M.P. Ralston ◽  
P.T.P. Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Seed Certification ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Insect Pest Control ◽  
Seed Industry ◽  
Breeding Station

By 1938 a small herbage seed industry was well established in New Zealand after the introduction of a system of seed certification and the establishment of a Government plant breeding station. Production increased rapidly during the 194Os, to level off and fluctuate around 22,000 tonnes annually. Perennial ryegrass and white clover now dominate production. and research on these 2 species is presented to illustrate advances in research and practices of seed production. In ryegrass over the last 50 years we have gained an understanding of the physiology of flowering. and the use of herbicides, fungicides, nitrogen fertiliser, plant growth regulators, and post harvest drying systems are widespread. In white clover, growth and the detrimental influence of high soil fertility and/or soil moisture are now understood. Pollination and insect pest control, grass removal, and causes of harvesting losses have been studied and incorporated into seed production. Keywords: herbage seed, perennial ryegrass. white clover

scholarly journals Endophyte fungus levels in perennial ryegrass and tall fescuse varieties grown for seed in Oregon, USA - implications for responsible grass straw use as livestock feed

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 275-276
Author(s):  
Young Iii ◽  
M.E. Mellbye ◽  
T.B. Silberstein ◽  
G.A. Gingrich ◽  
A.M. Craig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Seed Industry ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Endophyte Infection ◽  
Seed Harvest

Baling of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) straw residue following seed harvest has become a common practice in Oregon's grass seed industry. In 2005, almost 670 000 tons [607 000 Mg (tonne)] of grass straw was exported to Japan and Korea for use as livestock feed. Most of the grass seed varieties grown today are turf-type, which in recent years have been developed with high levels of fungal endophyte infection. Currently, over 73% and 43% of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue varieties, respectively, are ranked as having a "High" (>61% infected) infection level. Concern for the safe use of these grass straw residues had led to their routine analysis for toxin content before shipment to consuming markets. These chemical analyses provide assurances against deleterious effects to livestock fed Oregon grass straw. Keywords: straw, endophyte-infected, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue

scholarly journals New Zealand's herbage seed industry: an overview

1990 ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
M.P. Rolston ◽  
P.T.P. Clifford ◽  
J.F.L. Charlton ◽  
J.G. Hampton ◽  
J.G.H. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Seed Industry ◽  
Training And Research ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Seed Area

Herbage seed production for the period 1980-89 has averaged 20 600 metric tonnes (MT) (range 13 360-34 590). Canterbury has 82% of the total seed area. Production area (1989-90) by species are perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)44%; white clover (Trifolium repens) 33%; tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) 6%; cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata)5%. New Zealand exports seeds to over 40 countries with Australia; USA and the European Community representing major markets. Proprietary cultivars have increased in number from 5 (1980) to 62 (1989) and in volume from 0.1 to 27.0%) a trend we predict will continue, with proprietary cultivars being an estimated 60-65% of seed volume by 1995. The development of 'Endosafe' novel endophytes in ryegrass is expected to double seed usage in New Zealand for a decade as pasture renewal is increased from 250 000 ha to 500 000 ha per year. Opportunities and threats to the New Zealand 'industry, seed-quality training and research are discussed. Keywords: herbage seed, ryegrass, white clover, endophyte, exports, marketing, seed quality, training

Isolation and identification of plant growth-promoting bacteria associated with tall fescue

2009 ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Monk ◽  
E. Gerard ◽  
S. Young ◽  
K. Widdup ◽  
M. O'Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a useful alternative to ryegrass in New Zealand pasture but it is slow to establish. Naturally occurring beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere can improve plant growth and health through a variety of direct and indirect mechanisms. Keywords: rhizosphere, endorhiza, auxin, siderophore, P-solubilisation

THE PERFORMANCE OF S170 TALL FESCUE IN CANTERBURY

1974 ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
B.R. Watkin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Selection Of

AN Aberystwyth selection of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), known as S170, was sown with certified New Zealand white clover (Trifolium repens) and re' clover (T. pratense) and compared under sheep grazing with other grass/clover pastures at the Grasslands Division Regional Station at Lincoln (Watkin, 1975) .

scholarly journals Strategies to manage the evolution of glyphosate resistance in New Zealand

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 252-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Harrington ◽  
T.K. James ◽  
M.D. Parker ◽  
H. Ghanizadeh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Sustainable Farming

The first cases of weeds developing resistance to glyphosate within New Zealand have recently been reported and investigated Both perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) populations have become resistant to glyphosate in several Marlborough vineyards due to many years of weed control using mainly just glyphosate Glyphosate is currently being used in many situations throughout New Zealand that could easily lead to further resistance developing such as in other perennial fruit crops on roadsides railways amenity areas waste areas fence lines and headlands of crops Following wide consultation as part of a Sustainable Farming Fund project strategies for resistance management in three systems (vineyard and orchards amenity and waste areas and crops and pastures) are suggested Adoption of these strategies will allow glyphosate to continue as a useful herbicide in New Zealand

scholarly journals Can pasture persistence be improved through the use of nonryegrass species?

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
G.D. Milne
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Recent Discussion

Recent discussion about pasture persistence concentrates on pastures based on perennial ryegrass, the most commonly used grass species. This paper raises the question as to whether some of the causes of poor pasture persistence are due to perennial ryegrass being used in environments to which it is not suited. The adaptation to environmental stresses, particularly water, temperature and nutrient deficiencies, in different regions of New Zealand of tall fescue, cocksfoot, phalaris, and lucerne are discussed, and how this impacts on persistence advantages over perennial ryegrass. Keywords: persistence, pasture, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica

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