Endophyte in New Zealand ryegrass pastures, an overview

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
H.S. Easton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Grassland Productivity ◽  
Different Parts

Ryegrass pastures in New Zealand are usually infected with the ryegrass endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii). The endophyte provides protection from invertebrate attack, discourages overgrazing by livestock and perhaps confers other advantages enhancing ryegrass persistence. The endophyte lifecycle is completed within the plant, and transmission is uniquely through the grass seed. Within the plant, the endophyte synthesises a range of compounds, some of which have been identified as responsible for known endophyte effects on pasture invertebrates and on livestock. The concentrations of these compounds vary in different parts of the plant, with plant age and in response to environmental influences. While endophyte has wellknown adverse effects on livestock (reviewed elsewhere in this volume), it contributes positively to grassland productivity in New Zealand. Keywords: endophyte, Lolium, Neotyphodium lolii, pest resistance, ryegrass

scholarly journals Epichloë endophytes – new perspectives on a key ingredient for resilient perennial grass pastures

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Caradus ◽  
David Chapman ◽  
Tim Cookson ◽  
Blair Cotching ◽  
Matthew Deighton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
Technical Committee ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Seed Industry ◽  
Animal Safety ◽  
Epichloë Endophytes

The confirmation that Epichloë endophytes are important for pest resistance in New Zealand pastures led to the development of a range of novel endophyte strain × host plant combinations that enhance the persistence of the grass, while mitigating adverse effects on grazing animals. Successfully delivering these endophytes to the pastoral industry has required the development of a range of scientific and commercial capabilities. In March 2012, the New Zealand proprietary seed industry established the Endophyte Technical Committee. This is a cooperative forum to ensure that endophyte strains in commerce or under development are tested uniformly, and to publish industry-agreed descriptions of the animal safety and insect control of commercial endophyte strains each year.

A Survey of Neonatal Nurses on Mydriatic Regimens Used in Neonatal Retinopathy of Prematurity Eye Examinations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Kremer ◽  
David Reith ◽  
Natalie J. Medlicott ◽  
Mary J. Sime ◽  
Liza Edmonds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Adverse Drug Events ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Adult Dose

Objective This study was aimed to determine mydriatic regimen(s) used in neonatal units in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) and Australia and to estimate the frequency of adverse drug events following mydriatic administration in preterm neonates. Study Design A cross-sectional survey was sent to neonatal nursing staff listed in the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network contact list. Participants were asked to state what mydriatic regimen they use, and to estimate the frequency of adverse drug events when eye drops were administered for retinopathy of prematurity eye examinations (ROPEE). Results Thirteen different mydriatic regimens were identified; phenylephrine 2.5% and cyclopentolate 0.5% (1 standard drop of each) was the most commonly used regimen. Two of the regimens exceeded adult doses and five regimens included a mydriatic that is equivalent to an adult dose. Following mydriatic instillation, the three most common adverse effects were apnea, tachycardia, and periorbital pallor. Conclusion Low-concentration single-microdrop regimens are currently in use and resulting in successful ROPEE, yet doses exceeding adult doses are in use throughout Aotearoa NZ and Australian units. We know from this dataset that neonates are experiencing unwanted and potentially preventable, adverse effects associated with mydriatics, and every effort should be made to minimize this risk. Key Points

Problems of amenity grass seed production in New Zealand

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
L. Corkill ◽  
W. Rumball
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Breeding Management ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Selection Of

The problems of seed production of amenity grasses in New Zealand are considered from two aspects - (a) increasing seed potential by breeding; (b) achieving that potential by good management as practised in the Netherlands, (a) In terms of breeding, the strategies to increase seed yield depended to some degree on the species concerned. With browntop it was necessary to discard about two-thirds of the most promising genotypes because of poor heading, but the remaining genotypes flowered freely and in unison, and gave good seed yields. With fescue even the best original plants were sparsely heading, so direct selection for prolificacy has been needed. This was also carried out for perennial ryegrass, as well as selection of early-heading genotypes to avoid infection by stem rust. (b) It is suggested that areas for seed of amenity grasses in New Zealand should be used for seed production only rather than for both forage and seed as is the usual practice. Techniques used in the Netherlands could serve as guidelines to procedures. The implications of low seeding rates, good weed control, high fertilizer applications and minimum cutting or grazing in promoting strong individual plants capable of high seed yields are discussed. Keywords: Amenity grass, seed production, New Zealand, breeding, management, Netherlands, Agrostis tenuis, Festuca rubra, Lolium perenne

scholarly journals Randomised controlled pilot trial comparing low dose and very low- dose microdrop administration of phenylephrine and cyclopentolate for retinopathy of prematurity eye examinations in neonates

2020 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2019-318733
Author(s):  
Lisa Jean Kremer ◽  
Roland Broadbent ◽  
Natalie Medlicott ◽  
Mary Jane Sime ◽  
Frances McCaffrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
List Type ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Randomised Controlled

AimsTo determine ifVery low dose mydriatic eye microdrop regimen sufficiently dilates the pupil (above 4.1 mm) compared with the currently used low dose mydriatic eye microdrop regimen.Cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and respiratory adverse effects occur following eye drop instillation.MethodsSeventeen premature infants were recruited into this prospective, randomised controlled pilot trial in January 2017 to November 2018. Data were collected from the single-centre Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Dunedin Hospital, New Zealand. The inclusion criteria were birth weight less than 1500 g or gestational age less than 31 weeks, or any premature infant requiring red reflex testing. Infants were randomised to receive either phenylephrine 1% or 0.5% and cyclopentolate 0.2% or 0.1%, 1 microdrop in both eyes. Efficacy outcome measures were pupil size at retinopathy of prematurity eye examination (ROPEE) and ophthalmologist rating of ease of screen.ResultsAll participants had sufficient pupillary dilation for a successful ROPEE. Ophthalmologists rated the ROPEE as easy for 90% of all examinations. Pupil dilation measurements at the time of examination, mean±SD, 4.8±0.2 (95% CI 4.5 to 5.2) mm for treatment A and 5±0.2 (95%CI 4.6 to 5.4) mm for treatment B (p=0.61). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for safety data.ConclusionsVery low dose microdrop administration of phenylephrine and cyclopentolate appears to be effective at sufficiently dilating the neonatal pupil for ROPEEs. Low dose and very low dose microdrop mydriatic regimens may also reduce the risk of unwanted adverse effects associated with these medicines.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (reference ACTRN12616001266459p).

scholarly journals Housing Rabbit Does in a Combi System with Removable Walls: Effect on Behaviour and Reproductive Performance

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Dal Bosco ◽  
Cecilia Mugnai ◽  
Melania Martino ◽  
Zsolt Szendrő ◽  
Simona Mattioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Sexual Receptivity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Skin Injuries ◽  
Individual Cage ◽  
Different Parts

We evaluated the effects of two types of colony cages, in which rabbit does were always in a group (C1), and where they were in combi cages furnished with removable internal walls to allow both individual and grouphousing (C2), in addition to the control group (C: conventional individual cage), on welfare, reproductive performance, and global efficiency. Forty-eight New Zealand White nulliparous rabbit does underwent artificially insemination (AI) and were divided into three groups, and reared in the different systems for about 1 year. The reproductive rhythm provides AIs at weaning (30d). In the C1 system, does were continuously grouped, while in C2, walls were inserted four days before kindling and removed 1week after it (60% of the timesheet in group). Reproductive traits and behaviour were evaluated during the entire year. The behavioural observations were performed around days 7, 36, and 44, corresponding to the inclusion of the does in the maternal cages, the insertion of walls four days before kindling, and the removal of the walls 1week after parturition in the C2 group, respectively. The percentages of does with severe skin injuries and the distribution of the injuries on different parts of body were also registered. Does reared in conventional cages showed the greatest presence of stereotype behaviours, while the C1 group showed the highest (p < 0.05) incidence of aggressiveness after regrouping (attack, dominance features, and lower allo-grooming) in comparison to the C2 group (17% and 22%, in C2 and C1 does, respectively).Individually caged does achieved the best productive performance (sexual receptivity, fertility, kindling rate, and number of kits born alive and at weaning). The C1 group showed the lowest performance (p < 0.05), whereas C2 showed an intermediate one. Does housed in the combi cage (C2) had higher (p < 0.05) receptivity and fertility rates and higher numbers of kits born alive and at weaning (79.2% and 76.2%; 7.95 and 7.20, respectively) than the C1 group, but lower values (p < 0.05) than does that were individually housed.

Maori and Alcohol: A Reconsidered History

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Mancall ◽  
Paul Robertson ◽  
Terry Huriwai
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
European Contact ◽  
History Of ◽  
Alcohol Related Harm ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Related Harm ◽  
Different Parts

Objective: To document aspects of the history of alcohol use among Maori, with a particular focus on the period from 1840 to 1872 and to identify potential use of this knowledge in the development of strategies for the prevention and treatment of alcohol-related harm among Maori in contemporary New Zealand. Method: A survey of the surviving documentation about alcohol in nineteenth-century New Zealand; materials were predominantly drawn from the writings of pakeha (non-Maori) missionaries, officials and travellers, as well as available statistical records. Results: Analysis of early written historical records suggests significant variation in the response of Maori to the introduction of alcohol in different parts of New Zealand during the period following European contact. Conclusions: One stereotype that has arisen suggests Maori have been incapable of and/or unable to manage the production and use of alcohol. On the other hand, another commonly held belief has been that Maori supported abstinence or ‘resisted alcohol’ because they recognised its ‘ruinous nature’ and because it was contrary to traditional custom and practices. Historical information indicates that the Maori response to the introduction of alcohol was in fact diverse and for much of the nineteenth century alcohol was non-problematic for many Maori. This reinterpretation of the historical record can potentially empower contemporary Maori to take greater responsibility for the use of alcohol. It also challenges the negativity of the stereotypes generated by historical misinformation.

scholarly journals Pomegranate as a Potential Alternative of Pain Management: A Review

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
José Antonio Guerrero-Solano ◽  
Osmar Antonio Jaramillo-Morales ◽  
Claudia Velázquez-González ◽  
Minarda De la O-Arciniega ◽  
Araceli Castañeda-Ovando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Antinociceptive Effect ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Punica Granatum L ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Selection Of

The use of complementary medicine has recently increased in an attempt to find effective alternative therapies that reduce the adverse effects of drugs. Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) has been used in traditional medicine for different kinds of pain. This review aims to explore the scientific evidence about the antinociceptive effect of pomegranate. A selection of original scientific articles that accomplished the inclusion criteria was carried out. It was found that different parts of pomegranate showed an antinociceptive effect; this effect can be due mainly by the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, or fatty acids. It is suggested in the literature that the mechanisms of action may be related to the activation of the L-arginine / NO pathway, members of the TRP superfamily (TRPA1 or TRPV1) and the opioid system. The implications for the field are to know the mechanisms of action by which this effect is generated and thus be able to create alternative treatments for specific types of pain, which help alleviate it and reduce the adverse effects produced by drugs. The results propose that pomegranate and secondary metabolites could be considered in the treatment of inflammatory, nociceptive, and neuropathic pain.

Aircraft in Agriculture

1959 ◽  
Vol 63 (585) ◽  
pp. 531-540
Author(s):  
R. H. Scott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Grass Seed

Of the million acres occupied for farming in New Zealand approximately million acres or 66 per cent are too steep to be cultivated by implements. The productive capacity of much of this country can be improved by oversowing with clovers and grass seed, and the application of superphosphate, but there was little opportunity to do this on an extensive scale other than spreading laboriously by hand until aircraft were used for the purpose.

Green economy indicators for Poland and other European Union countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 54-74
Author(s):  
Dorota Wyszkowska ◽  
Anna Rogalewska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Green Growth ◽  
Economic Opportunities ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The World ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Different Parts

Economic crises affecting different parts of the world have forced world leaders to seek new paths of development, taking into account the needs of environmental protection and prevention of adverse effects of human activities. One of these roads may be ”green growth” leading to the achievement of ”green economy”. Monitoring the state of green economy in Poland is possible due to certain indicators, among which is defined the group of measures relating to economic opportunities and policy responses. The aim of this article is to present the mentioned above group of indicators. The article is divided into two parts. The first one shows the theoretical issues relating to the green economy and indicators to measure it, with particular emphasis on the selected group. While the second is devoted to presenting the Polish situation in the background of other European Union countries in terms of the indicators of the economic opportunities and policy responses.

STUDIES ON CLOVER YELLOW MOSAIC AND WHITE CLOVER MOSAIC VIRUSES

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Pratt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Western North America ◽  
The World ◽  
Cross Absorption ◽  
Differential Hosts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Parts

Two viruses, clover yellow mosaic (CYMV) and white clover mosaic (WCMV), were separated from mixed natural infections of various clovers by inoculation of differential hosts. The host reactions of four CYMV and two WCMV isolates were studied in detail. Precipitin tests showed that the two viruses are not related serologically. In cross-absorption tests different host reactions characterizing individual CYMV isolates were reflected in serological interactions; with WCMV isolates the relationship was less clearly defined. A comparison of isolates from different parts of the world by serological methods showed that CYMV is common in western North America, while WCMV occurs in Europe, North America, and New Zealand. Pea mottle and pea wilt viruses may be equated with CYMV and WCMV respectively.

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