On the Action of Voltaic Electricity or Pyroxylic Spirit, and on Solutions in Water, Alcohol, and Ether

1845 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 156-158
Author(s):  
Arthur Connell
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Platinum Foil ◽  
Negative Pole ◽  
Interesting Analogy ◽  
Water Alcohol

The author has found a perfect resemblance to exist between the appearances presented by pyroxylic spirit (Bihydrate of Methyline of Dumas and Peligot) under voltaic agency, and those which he had previously observed in regard to alcohol; a coincidence which was to be expected, from the interesting analogy existing between these two liquids in other respects.The pyroxylic spirit, after three distillations from quicklime, had a specific gravity of 801 at 62° F., and boiled in contact with mercury at 140° F., under a pressure of 29.5 inches. The leading facts observed were the following:—Minute quantities of acid, alkaline, and saline bodies, when dissolved with rectified pyroxylic spirit, favoured the voltaic action, by increasing the conducting power of the liquid. When it held in solution of pure potash, and was submitted to the agency of thirty-six pairs of four-inch plates in a tube with parallel platinum foil poles, hydrogen was given off from the negative pole, while no gas proceeded from the positive pole. A ten thousandth part of potash had a marked effect in promoting this action.

scholarly journals The interaction of clay with water and organic liquids as measured by specific volume changes and its relation to the phenomena of crumb formation in soils

1934 ◽  
Vol 233 (721-730) ◽  
pp. 361-389 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Specific Volume ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Polar Liquids ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Molecular Constitution ◽  
Water Alcohol

The densities of clay particles determined by the specific gravity bottle method vary somewhat according to the liquid used. Thus water, alcohol, and benzene all give slightly different values. The results show that some condensation of the liquid on the surface of the particles usually, if not invariably, takes place, indicating a certain amount of interaction between the clay and the liquid. The investigation described in this paper shows that this interaction depends partly on the exchangeable bases associated with the clay, and partly on the molecular constitution of the liquid. The relations are as follows : (1) No evidence could be obtained of interaction between clay and non-polar liquids. (2) Interaction took place in all the polar liquids examined. Its amount was measured by the reduction in specific volume of the clay as compared with its volume in tetralin, a very convenient non-polar liquid for specific gravity determinations. This reduction in specific volume is approximately proportional to the number of exchangeable cations present, figs. 10, 11, and to the mean density of their surface charge, Table IV.

scholarly journals IV.—On the Action of Voltaic Electricity on Pyroxylic Spirit, and Solutions in Water, Alcohol, and Ether

1839 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-136
Author(s):  
Arthur Connell
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Third Place ◽  
The Third ◽  
General Law ◽  
Electric Action ◽  
Interesting Analogy ◽  
Water Alcohol

The following paper contains a continuation of the experiments on the action of the voltaic pile on alcohol, and some other liquids, of which experiments a considerable number was described to the Royal Society in a former memoir. At present it is intended, in the first place, to shew the perfect analogy between the electric action on pyroxylic spirit, and on alcohol, thereby confirming the interesting analogy already known to exist between these fluids in other respects: in the second place, to adduce a few farther illustrations of secondary voltaic actions in aqueous solutions; in the third place, to examine the nature of the changes produced in alcoholic solutions, under galvanic agency; in the fourth place, to inquire whether electric action does not throw light on the state in which the haloid salts are dissolved by water; and, lastly, to endeavour to suggest as a general law, regulating the electric decomposition of solutions of binary combinations of elementary substances in the principal solvents, that the dissolved body is not directly decomposed, but only the solvent, if itself an electrolyte.

Valence electron spectroscopy of inhomogeneous media

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1150-1151
Author(s):  
A. Howie ◽  
D.W. McComb
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Loss Function ◽  
Electron Spectroscopy ◽  
Valence Electron ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Loss Functions ◽  
Loss Peak ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Valence Electron Density ◽  
Electron Microscopist

The bulk loss function Im(-l/ε (ω)), a well established tool for the interpretation of valence loss spectra, is being progressively adapted to the wide variety of inhomogeneous samples of interest to the electron microscopist. Proportionality between n, the local valence electron density, and ε-1 (Sellmeyer's equation) has sometimes been assumed but may not be valid even in homogeneous samples. Figs. 1 and 2 show the experimentally measured bulk loss functions for three pure silicates of different specific gravity ρ - quartz (ρ = 2.66), coesite (ρ = 2.93) and a zeolite (ρ = 1.79). Clearly, despite the substantial differences in density, the shift of the prominent loss peak is very small and far less than that predicted by scaling e for quartz with Sellmeyer's equation or even the somewhat smaller shift given by the Clausius-Mossotti (CM) relation which assumes proportionality between n (or ρ in this case) and (ε - 1)/(ε + 2). Both theories overestimate the rise in the peak height for coesite and underestimate the increase at high energies.

The Dark Tetrad

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janko Međedović ◽  
Boban Petrović
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Second Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Pole ◽  
Latent Space ◽  
Order Factor

Abstract. Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy are personality traits understood to be dispositions toward amoral and antisocial behavior. Recent research has suggested that sadism should also be added to this set of traits. In the present study, we tested a hypothesis proposing that these four traits are expressions of one superordinate construct: The Dark Tetrad. Exploration of the latent space of four “dark” traits suggested that the singular second-order factor which represents the Dark Tetrad can be extracted. Analysis has shown that Dark Tetrad traits can be located in the space of basic personality traits, especially on the negative pole of the Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Emotionality dimensions. We conclude that sadism behaves in a similar manner as the other dark traits, but it cannot be reduced to them. The results support the concept of “Dark Tetrad.”

Float for Specific Gravity Determinations

1895 ◽  
Vol 39 (1011supp) ◽  
pp. 16162-16162
Author(s):  
T. Lohnstein
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity

On the Effect of 2-Layer Thickness by High-Specific Gravity Armor Blocks on Wave Reflection

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Ito ◽  
Yuitch Iwagaki ◽  
Hiroshi Murakami ◽  
Kenji Nemoto ◽  
Masato Yamamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Wave Reflection ◽  
High Specific Gravity

Influence of anatomy on the adhesion performance of four wood species

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e31942727
Author(s):  
João Gabriel Missia da Silva ◽  
Pedro Nicó de Medeiros ◽  
Denise Ransolin Soranso ◽  
Vinicius Peixoto Tinti ◽  
José Tarcísio da Silva Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Glue Line ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Adhesion Performance ◽  
Adhesion Process

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of anatomical characteristics on the adhesion performance of Vatairea sp., Paulownia sp., Aspidosperma populifolium and Tectona grandis wood. Specimens for anatomical, physical and mechanical analyzes were produced from tangentially oriented boards. The treatments were joint glued from pieces of the same anatomical orientation (radial and tangential), evaluated for shear strength and glue line failure. The Vatairea sp wood had the highest specific gravity (0.74 g cm-3) and the Paulownia sp (0.34 g cm-3) wood was smaller. Aspidosperma populifolium species showed the highest shear strength in the glue line in the tangential and radial faces. The anatomical variables with higher influence on the wood adhesion process were pith ray cells and especially fibers that exhibit the greatest correlation with the shear strength of the glue line.

New Method of Determining Specific Gravity

1955 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
J. Hammes
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
New Method
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