Innervation of endoneurial microvessels in human sural nerve

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 920-921
Author(s):  
John L. Beggs ◽  
Peter C. Johnson ◽  
Astrid G. Olafsen ◽  
C. Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Sural Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Arterial Supply ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Vasa Nervorum ◽  
Endoneurial Blood Flow

The blood supply (vasa nervorum) to peripheral nerves is composed of an interconnected dual circulation. The endoneurium of nerve fascicles is maintained by the intrinsic circulation which is composed of microvessels primarily of capillary caliber. Transperineurial arterioles link the intrinsic circulation with the extrinsic arterial supply located in the epineurium. Blood flow in the vasa nervorum is neurogenically influenced (1,2). Although a recent hypothesis proposes that endoneurial blood flow is controlled by the action of autonomic nerve fibers associated with epineurial arterioles (2), our recent studies (3) show that in addition to epineurial arterioles other segments of the vasa nervorum are also innervated. In this study, we examine blood vessels of the endoneurium for possible innervation.

scholarly journals Local NADPH—Diaphorase Neurons Innervate Pial Arteries and Lie Close or Project to Intracerebral Blood Vessels: A Possible Role for Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 978-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Estrada ◽  
Elisa Mengual ◽  
Carmen González
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Pial Arteries

Electrical stimulation of perivascular nerves induced a relaxation of endothelium-denuded cat pial arteries that was significantly reduced by nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition, indicating that NO was involved in the neurogenic relaxation of these vessels. Histochemical staining of the pial arteries for NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), used as a marker for NO synthase, showed positive nerve fibers in the adventitial layer. Interestingly, in some restricted areas stained neuronal cell bodies were also observed. These neurons were scattered or distributed in small groups in a ganglion-like manner, and they sent fibers to the vessel wall. No NADPH-d-positive nerve fibers or cell bodies were detected in forelimb, pulmonary, or coronary arteries. Within the brain parenchyma, blood vessels also showed positive fibers around their walls. These fibers were organized in a branching pattern and presented varicosities. NADPH-d-positive neurons were found in the proximity of the intracerebral vascular profiles, sending processes to the vessels and/or being directly apposed to their wall. The neurovascular contacts were preferentially located close to the interface between the cerebral cortex and white matter. The anatomical relationship between NADPH-d-positive neurons and fibers and the cerebral blood vessels, together with the participation of NO in the neurogenic relaxation of pial arteries, suggests that NO is involved in the regulation of cerebral blood flow.

scholarly journals LABEL-FREE 3D OPTICAL MICROANGIOGRAPHY IMAGING OF FUNCTIONAL VASA NERVORUM AND PERIPHERAL MICROVASCULAR TREE IN THE HIND LIMB OF DIABETIC MICE

2010 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 307-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
YALI JIA ◽  
THOMAS K. BAUMANN ◽  
RUIKANG K. WANG
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Vasa Nervorum ◽  
Optical Microangiography ◽  
Microvascular Imaging

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is, at least in part, associated with the functional attenuation of vasa nervorum, the microvascular structure of peripheral nerves. Microvascular imaging options for vasa nervorum still remain limited. In this work, optical microangiography (OMAG), a volumetric, label-free imaging technique, is utilized for characterizing, with high resolution, blood perfusion of peripheral nerve in diabetic mice. We demonstrate that OMAG is able to visualize the structure of microvasculature and to quantify the changes of dynamic blood flow and vessel diameters during administration of vessel stimulant in both diabetic and normal mice. The results indicate the potential of OMAG to assess the blood supply of nerve involved in the pathology and treatment of DN.

PS02.076: VISUALIZATION OF BLOOD SUPPLY ROUTE TO THE RECONSTRUCTED STOMACH BY INDOCYANINE GREEN FLUORESCENCE IMAGING DURING ESOPHAGECTOMY, 2ND REPORT

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 141-142
Author(s):  
Yasushi Rino ◽  
Takashi Oshima ◽  
Tsutomu Sato ◽  
Toru Aoyama ◽  
Norio Yukawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Fluorescence Imaging ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Gastric Wall ◽  
Gastroepiploic Artery ◽  
Greater Omentum ◽  
Splenic Hilum ◽  
Greater Curvature

Abstract Background Recently, indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging has been used to visualize the blood supply when anastomosis is performed in vascular surgery. We have reported the three blood supply routes to the reconstructed stomach using ICG fluorescence imaging for reconstruction during esophagectomy. Blood flow routes in the 33 patients with esophageal cancer were classified into categories on the basis of ICG imaging findings: the gastric wall route, the greater curvature route, and the omentum and splenic hiatal route. The gastric wall route was found in 13 patients and characterized by large blood vessels in the gastric wall. The greater curvature route was present in 11 patients and characterized by blood vessels in the greater omentum. The omentum and beside splenic hilum route was found in 22 patients. Blood vessels ran in the greater omentum beside the splenic hilum. a photodynamic eye (PDE) showed blood flow from right gastroepiploic artery, omentum vessels, left gastroepiploic artery, splenic hiatal vessels, short gastric artery, and gastric wall vessels to the top of the reconstructed stomach. The ‘splenic hiatal route’ was present in 66.7% of the patients and was formed by large vessels or networks of small vessels. We rechecked the ‘splenic hiatal route’ cases and recognize that the branch parted from the right gastroepiploic artery. We tried preservation of the ‘splenic hiatal route’. Methods Since January 2017, we have preserved the ‘splenic hiatal route’ and performed ICG fluorescence imaging in 5 patients with thoracic esophageal cancer who underwent thoracic esophagectomy. After pulling up the reconstructed stomach, 2.5 mg of ICG was injected as a bolus. ICG fluorescence imaging was performed with a near-infrared camera, and the images were recorded. Results ICG fluorescence was easily detected in all patients 1 min after injection. Vascular networks were well visualized in the gastric wall and omentum. The blood supply route was visualized the ‘splenic hiatal route’ in all patients. Conclusion On ICG fluorescence imaging, the splenic hiatal vessels would be the major blood supply for the anastomosis in most patients. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Exogenous opioids influence the microcirculation of injured peripheral nerves

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (1) ◽  
pp. H76-H82
Author(s):  
L. Schaafsma ◽  
H. Sun ◽  
D. Zochodne
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Nerve Trunk ◽  
Local Blood Flow ◽  
Vasa Nervorum ◽  
Perfusion Flow ◽  
Sciatic Nerves ◽  
Microelectrode Measurements ◽  
Hydrogen Clearance

Local microvessels of peripheral nerve trunks (vasa nervorum) dilate following capsaicin-induced inflammation or local nerve trunk injury. In previous work, we observed that morphine blocked capsaicin-induced dilation of vasa nervorum presumably through the action of local opioid receptors. In the present work, we studied injury-related hyperemia of the rat sciatic vasa nervorum using laser Doppler and hydrogen clearance microelectrode measurements of local perfusion. Systemic morphine reversed hyperemia by vasoconstricting both extrinsic and intrinsic microvessels supplying 48-h-old “neuroma” preparations or crush zones of peripheral nerve trunks. Morphine did not constrict microvessels of contralateral uninjured or sham exposed but uninjured sciatic nerves. In contrast to the injured nerves, contralateral uninjured nerves exposed to morphine frequently had a rise in local perfusion, indicating vasodilation. The vasoconstrictive actions of morphine were blocked by pretreatment with naloxone and were not mimicked by saline injections alone. Systemic doses of selective opioid agonists to mu-, kappa-, and delta-receptors also selectively constricted microvessels of injured nerves. Local blood flow in older experimental neuromas at 7 days had partial sensitivity to morphine, whereas at 14 days perfusion flow was not influenced by morphine. Exogenous opioids dampen early but not later inflammatory microvasodilation and could have important influences on the nerve regenerative milieu.

scholarly journals Small-fiber polyneuropathy in leprosy without skin changes: study of 17 cases

2003 ◽  
Vol 61 (3A) ◽  
pp. 542-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos R.G. de Freitas ◽  
Osvaldo J.M. Nascimento ◽  
Ernestina A.M. Quaglino ◽  
Andréia Oliveira ◽  
Myrian D. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Sural Nerve ◽  
Nerve Biopsy ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Sural Nerve Biopsy ◽  
Skin Changes ◽  
Small Fiber ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltrates ◽  
Tendon Reflexes

Leprosy is one of the most common diseases of the peripheral nerves. In some cases there is only neural involvement without skin changes (neuritic form). The neuropathy has often a distal stocking and glove distribution with thermal and pinprick anesthesia and preservation of proprioception. There is no weakness, the tendon reflexes may be preserved and sometimes the nerves are thickened. We reported 17 patients with a predominantly small-fiber polyneuropathy due to leprosy. All patients had distal temperature and pain anesthesia with different individual variations. The tendon reflexes were normal in seven patients and in eight there was thickening of the nerves. The nerve conduction was normal in three patients. Sural nerve biopsy consisted of: 1) inflammatory infiltrates, 2) vacuolated "foamy" cells, 3) fibrosis of endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium, 4) partial or total loss of nerve fibers, 5) large number of bacilli. We concluded that in countries where leprosy is frequent, nerve biopsy is an obligatory procedure in patients with predominantly small-fiber polyneuropathy.

scholarly journals The evaluation of QTc prolongation and QT dispersion in type 2 diabetes mellitus as an indicator of cardiac autonomic neuropathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Devinder Singh Mahajan ◽  
Hardeep Singh Deep ◽  
Navdeep Singh ◽  
Sukhjit Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Autonomic Neuropathy ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy ◽  
Qtc Interval

Background: Diabetes mellitus refers to group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to an absolute or relative deficit in insulin production or action. Diabetes mellitus produces pathological changes in most organs of the body including heart, blood vessels, kidneys, nerves and eyes. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a severely debilitating yet underdiagnosed complication of diabetes. Diabetes-associated cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy damages autonomic nerve fibers that innervate the heart and blood vessels causing abnormalities in heart rate and vascular dynamics.Methods: Total 80 cases of diabetes mellitus were selected. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in them was diagnosed by a series of tests recommended by Ewing et al, which include - Valsalva ratio, Deep Breath Test, Heart rate response to standing, Postural Hypotension, SHGT Increase in diastolic BP on sustained hand grip. They were divided into 2 groups A and B depending on presence or absence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. ECG was done to calculate QTc and QTd.Results: In group A mean QTc was 0.344 sec and in group B in patients with mild CAN mean QTc was 0.432, moderate CAN mean QTc was 0.444, and in patients of severe CAN mean QTc was 0.481. p value was 0.001 that it is highly significant. Means more was degree of CAN more was prolongation of QT and similarly more the degree of CAN more was QTd.Conclusions: Diagnosis of cardiac autonomic neuropathy by battery of cardiac autonomic function tests is a comlex procedure. The prolongation of QTc interval and more specifically QTd interval on ECG is a marker in diagnosis of cardiac autonomic neuropathy which can be easily evaluated.

scholarly journals Necrotizing Lymphocytic Vasculitis Limited to the Peripheral Nerves: Report of Six Cases and Review

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Félix Restrepo ◽  
Federico Rondón ◽  
Eric L. Matteson ◽  
Carlos H. Colegial ◽  
Gerardo Quintana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Sural Nerve ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Nerve Biopsy ◽  
Sural Nerve Biopsy ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Primary Vasculitis

Background. The systemic vasculitides are syndromes characterized by inflammation and injury (necrosis or thrombosis) of blood vessels, resulting in clinical manifestations according to the affected vascular bed, but not classically in stocking-glove neuropathy.Objective. To describe a form of primary vasculitis affecting strictly peripheral nerves manifesting as stocking-glove neuropathy.Methods. Case series of 110 patients seen in three centers in Bogotá who presented with symptoms and signs of polyneuropathy and/or were identified with vasculitis affecting only the peripheral nerves, and who underwent sural nerve biopsy.Results. Six patients had a vasculitis affecting only the peripheral nerves diagnosed on sural nerve biopsy which demonstrated a mixed infiltrate of monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes especially in the small epineurial blood vessels. Over time, all had worsening of symptoms, with grip weakness and motor deficits in the hand and feet. Serologies and acute phase reactants were normal in all patients. Treatment response to immunosuppression was satisfactory in 5 patients; 1 patient had progressive neurologic damage.Conclusions. There is a distinct form of primary vasculitis of the peripheral nervous system characterized by distal sensory polyneuropathy with stocking-glove distribution with good prognosis, few and minor relapses and good response to treatment even after delayed diagnosis.

Evidence for a Blood Ganglion Barrier in the Superior Cervical Ganglion of the Rat

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 204-204
Author(s):  
D. M. DePace
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Time Schedule ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Capillary Circulation ◽  
And Control

The majority of blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion possess a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. These same features have been associated with the blood brain barrier of the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. These vessels may perform a barrier function between the capillary circulation and the superior cervical ganglion. The permeability of the blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat was tested by intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Three experimental groups of four animals each were given intravenous HRP (Sigma Type II) in a dosage of.08 to.15 mg/gm body weight in.5 ml of.85% saline. The animals were sacrificed at five, ten or 15 minutes following administration of the tracer. Superior cervical ganglia were quickly removed and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in Sorenson's.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Three control animals received,5ml of saline without HRP. These were sacrificed on the same time schedule. Tissues from experimental and control animals were reacted for peroxidase activity and then processed for routine transmission electron microscopy.

The Blood Supply to the Canine Palmar Metacarpal Sesamoid Bones

1995 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 76-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Cake ◽  
R. A. Read
Keyword(s):  
Blood Supply ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Arterial Supply ◽  
Sesamoid Bones ◽  
Vascular Compromise

SummaryEleven canine forelimbs were examined using either gross dissection or a modified Spalteholz technique to investigate the blood supply of the palmar metacarpal sesamoid bones. In addition, the sesamoid bones, from two prepared skeletons, were examined for the presence of vascular foramina. Multiple vascular foramina were observed over the sesamoid surface. The most consistent elements of the arterial supply were proximal vessels supplying the axial and dorsal abaxial sides of the bone. In addition, palmar and distal sources often made contributions to the blood supply. Various minor or occasional sources were noted. This study demonstrates that the palmar metacarpal sesamoid bones of the dog have an abundant but highly variable vascular supply.The blood supply of the canine palmar metacarpal sesamoid bones was examined, using several methods, in order to evaluate the possible involvement of vascular compromise in sesamoid disease. It was found that the sesamoid bones have an abundant blood supply which is presumably resistant to disruption.

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