Fertilizer and Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Effect on Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxis) in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 670-673
Author(s):  
James M. Krall ◽  
Stephen D. Miller ◽  
Larry E. Bennett ◽  
David E. Legg
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Russian Wheat Aphid ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Insecticide Efficacy

Downy brome serves as an alternative host for Russian wheat aphid (RWA) in winter wheat. In field studies, downy brome infestations of 5 and 39 plants per m2increased RWA-infested winter wheat tillers 1.4 to 2.8 times that seen in non-infested plots, respectively. RWA-infested winter wheat tillers were not reduced consistently by fertilization. Chlorpyrifos reduced the number of RWA-infested winter wheat tillers to 15 to 43% of untreated wheat. Insecticide efficacy was not influenced by downy brome infestation or by fertilizer either band- or broadcast-applied.

Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) control in winter wheat and winter rye

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Blackshaw
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Field studies were conducted over 4 yr to identify herbicides for selective control of downy brome in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter rye (Secale cereale L.). Cinmethylin, diclofop, and napropamide did not control downy brome in any year. BAY SMY 1500 applied pre-emergence or early postemergence at 1.5–2.0 kg ha−1 controlled downy brome and increased the yield of winter wheat. However, BAY SMY 1500 treatments often reduced the growth and yield of winter rye. Metribuzin applied early postemergence at 0.42 kg ha−1 effectively controlled downy brome and increased the yield of both winter wheat and winter rye. Metribuzin applied at 0.42–0.56 kg ha−1 pre-emergence on a coarse-textured soil with 2% organic matter injured winter wheat and reduced yield. Key words:Bromus tectorum L., cinmethylin, diclofop, BAY SMY 1500, metribuzin, napropamide

Influence of Soil Type and Depth of Planting on Downy Brome Seed

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Wicks ◽  
O. C. Burnside ◽  
C. R. Fenster
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Downy brome (Bromus tectorumL.) seedling emergence was greatest from soil depths of 1 inch or less, but occasionally seedlings emerged from depths of 4 inches. Downy brome seed covered by soil germinated more rapidly than those seed on the soil surface. More downy brome seedlings emerged, and from greater depths, from coarse-textured soils than fine-textured soils when moisture was not limiting. Soil type did not influence longevity of downy brome seed buried in the soil. Most (98%) 8-month-old downy brome seed buried 8 inches in the soil germinated but did not emerge in 1 year; and none remained viable in the soil after 5 years. The moldboard plow was more effective in reducing downy brome populations than a sweep plow or one-way disk in a continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cropping system.

Inactivation of Metribuzin in Winter Wheat by Activated Carbon

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Rydrych
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Chemical Injury ◽  
Loam Soil

Preemergence and postemergence application of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)-one] at 0.6 and 1.1 kg ai/ha controlled downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. ♯ BROTE) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘McDermid’) but caused considerable injury without the use of activated carbon over the seeded row. Activated carbon applied in 5-cm bands over the seeded row at 84, 167, and 336 kg/ha protected winter wheat at Pendleton on a silt loam soil. On a sandy loam soil, only a 336 kg/ha rate provided protection from metribuzin. Metribuzin toxicity to winter wheat was more difficult to neutralize when applied preemergence. Downy brome control was not reduced by carbon applied over the wheat row. The best treatment in this study was carbon at 336 kg/ha applied preemergence over the row followed by metribuzin at 0.6 or 1.1 kg/ha postemergence. A 10-week delay between preemergence carbon banding and postemergence metribuzin protected winter wheat from chemical injury.

Differential Absorption and Translocation of Metribuzin by Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) and Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Devlin ◽  
David R. Gealy ◽  
Larry A. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Total Plant

Foliar and root absorption and translocation of metribuzin (4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one) by downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) was determined. After a 48-h absorption period, roots of three-week-old downy brome plants had absorbed two times more metribuzin on a total plant fresh weight basis than had roots of winter wheat. Root-absorbed metribuzin was translocated similarly regardless of species with 80% of absorbed14C accumulating in leaf blades, 10% in the leaf sheaths, and 10% in the roots. After 24 h, leaves of downy brome and winter wheat had absorbed, respectively, 26 and 36% of foliar-applied metribuzin, and absorption increased threefold with the addition of a nonionic surfactant. Translocation of foliar-absorbed metribuzin was primarily towards the apex of the treated leaf. No translocation from the treated leaf to other plant parts occurred with either species. The greater tolerance of winter wheat to metribuzin is due in part to less root absorption of metribuzin by winter wheat than by downy brome.

Differential Metabolism of Metribuzin by Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) and Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Devlin ◽  
David R. Gealy ◽  
Larry A. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Chloroform Fraction ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Root Absorption

At both 15 and 25 C, following a 24-h root absorption period, absorbed14C-metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] was metabolized approximately 30% more rapidly to water-soluble and terminal fiber metabolites by winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) than by downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE). Both species metabolized a greater proportion of metribuzin in leaf sheaths and roots than in the leaf blades. This was attributed to the increased incorporation of metribuzin into fiber. After an initial leaf extraction, metribuzin and the metabolites deaminated metribuzin (DA), deaminated diketo metribuzin (DADK), and diketo metribuzin (DK) partitioned into a chloroform fraction and five unidentified water-soluble metabolites into an aqueous fraction. At both 15 and 25 C, downy brome absorbed approximately three times more metribuzin per fresh weight than did winter wheat. The mechanism of differential tolerance of downy brome and winter wheat to metribuzin was attributed to the ability of winter wheat to metabolize metribuzin more rapidly and absorb less metribuzin than downy brome.

BromusControl in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) with the Ethylthio Analog of Metribuzin

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall L. Ratliff ◽  
Thomas F. Peeper
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Selective Control ◽  
Bromus Secalinus ◽  
Wide Range

Twenty field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma from 1983 through 1986 to evaluate the ethylthio analog of metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(ethylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] for selective control of cheat (Bromus secalinusL. #3BROSE), downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE), and rescuegrass (Bromus catharticusVahl. # BROCA) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). The ethylthio analog of metribuzin applied postemergence at 1.1 kg ai/ha before the weeds tillered controlled 91 to 100% of theseBromusspp. in winter wheat. Control of tilleredBromusspp. was less consistent. AsBromusspp. control increased, wheat yields increased, and dockage decreased. The herbicide was selective on wheat over a wide range of soils, including sands. Adding surfactant to very early postemergence applications of 0.6 kg ai/ha increased cheat control but injured wheat slightly. Surfactant use had little or no effect on dockage reduction and yields.

Retention, Absorption, and Loss of Foliage-Applied Metribuzin

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Devlin ◽  
David R. Gealy ◽  
Larry A. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Leaf Surfaces

Immediately following postemergence application, similar quantities of metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] were retained on the foliage of downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). Three days following treatment, more metribuzin was present on the surface of the foliage of downy brome than of winter wheat and similar quantities of metribuzin had been absorbed into the interior of the foliage of both species. Fourteen days after treatment, metribuzin had disappeared from the surfaces of the foliage of both species but more metribuzin was present in the interior of the foliage of downy brome than of winter wheat. Results from petri dish studies in the field suggested that the amount of unaltered metribuzin available for absorption by leaves was influenced primarily by volatilization and secondarily by photodecomposition. In addition, small quantities of rainfall may have washed metribuzin from leaf surfaces. In 1984, yield of winter wheat was greater in metribuzin-treated plots than in nontreated check plots.

Timing of Nitrogen Application Affects Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Growth in Winter Wheat

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Crop Season ◽  
Broadcast Application ◽  
Crop Cycle

Field studies were conducted to determine if varying the time N fertilizer was applied would affect downy brome interference in winter wheat. Five treatments were compared: four broadcast application times of NH4NO3at 56 kg N ha-1during the fallow-crop cycle: 1) during fallow; 2) at planting; 3) during crop dormancy; 4) before winter wheat jointing; and 5) a control where no N was applied. Downy brome was least responsive to N applied during fallow. All N applications during the growing season of winter wheat increased downy brome biomass and culms m-2. Downy brome interference prevented winter wheat from responding positively to N. For example, when crop season precipitation was only 70% of normal, applying N reduced grain yield of winter wheat infested with downy brome from 12 to 28%. This study indicates that N manipulation offers potential for reducing downy brome interference in winter wheat.

Sulfonylurea Herbicides Suppress Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 812-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
Mosad Abd El-Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicides ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
West Central ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Better Than

In separate studies in west-central Kansas, a prepackaged mixture of chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron (5:1 w/w) and triasulfuron alone or in combination with metribuzin as a sequential or tank mix treatment were evaluated two years for downy brome control in winter wheat. Downy brome and wheat responses to each herbicide alone PRE or plus metribuzin POST varied between years. Visually, downy brome biomass was reduced 32 to 79% by chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron at 16 to 26 g ai/ha and 58 to 76% by triasulfuron at 30 g ai/ha applied PRE. Metribuzin POST at 158 g ai/ha following chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron PRE at 26 g/ha and metribuzin POST at 140 g/ha or more following triasulfuron PRE at 30 g/ha reduced downy brome biomass in both years more than PRE treatments alone. Chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron at 11 or 16 g/ha plus metribuzin at 105 or 158 g/ha applied POST affected downy brome less in 1992 than chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron applied PRE at 21 or 26 g/ha. Conversely in 1993, POST treatments except for chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron at 11 or 16 g/ha plus metribuzin at 105 g/ha affected downy brome more than PRE treatments. Triasulfuron plus metribuzin POST in late fall controlled downy brome better than a sequential application in one of two years; late-fall POST was better than early-spring POST applications in both years. Despite some treatments retarding growth, no treatment in either study reduced wheat yield in 1992. However in 1993, chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron PRE at 26 g/ha, chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron at 16 g/ha plus metribuzin at 105 or 158 g/ha applied POST, and metribuzin POST at 315 g/ha reduced wheat yields. Triasulfuron at 30 g/ha plus metribuzin at 140 g/ha or higher applied PRE, sequentially, or POST in late fall and metribuzin applied POST in early spring at 280 g/ha also reduced wheat yields.

Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Control with Diclofop in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip W. Stahlman
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Better Than

The methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} applied at 0.8 to 1.4 kg ai/ha and incorporated prior to seeding winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) controlled downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. ♯ BROTE) better than when applied preemergence at 1.7 kg/ha in 2 of 4 yr. The emulsifiable concentrate and a granular formulation of diclofop performed similarly. Controlling downy brome improved wheat yields 3 of 4 yr. However, preplant-incorporated applications of diclofop at 1.4 kg/ha reduced wheat yield 1 of 4 yr. Greenhouse data indicated that diclofop dissipated more rapidly in moist soil than in air-dry soil.

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