The pharmacology of long-term memory

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesare Mondadori
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Enhancing ◽  
Better Than

If information enters memory under the influence of a memory-enhancing substance, for about 16 hours thereafter the recollection of that information is no better than if it had been acquired without any treatment. Later tests of retention, however, performed one or more days, or even weeks, after the experience, show a drug-induced improvement of memory. Memory-enhancing compounds thus appear to facilitate the formation of the long-term memory trace. On the assumption that differences between treated and untreated animals emerge from that moment on when memory is based on the products of the processes modulated by the drugs, it can be postulated that long-term memory comes into play after about 16–20 hours.

Evaluation of potential antiamnesic activities of aqueous extract of Vitex trifolia leaves against scopolamine induced amnesia and in normal rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amberkar Vittal Rao Mohanbabu ◽  
Meena Kumari Kamal Kishore ◽  
Bangalore Revanna Chandrashekar ◽  
Hoskeri Dakappa Pradeepa ◽  
Rockson Christopher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Probe Trial ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Localization Task ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Enhancing

AbstractThe goal of this study was to evaluate the cerebroprotective and cognition-enhancing activities of the aqueousReference or working memory and long-term memory in rodents were tested by experimental paradigms like passive avoidance (PA) and T-maze (TM), respectively. TM and Morris water maze (MWM) were used to screen putative spatial or localization task and the navigation memory-enhancing activities ofThe higher dose (20 mg/kg) of plant extract exhibited significant (p<0.01) antiamnesic activity in the PA and TM models vs. the control. In the MWM test, at probe trial,These results partly substantiate the traditional use of

Proactive Inhibition as a Result of Activation

1984 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umur Talasli
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Initial Recall ◽  
Significant Attenuation ◽  
Presence And Absence

A novel encoding hypothesis that explains proactive inhibition in the Brown-Peterson paradigm was developed and tested in three experiments. This hypothesis argues that initial recall on each trial activates a pool of associates and the encoding of the next trial occurs during such activation. The encoding is facilitated and leaves a weak long-term memory trace. Build-up and release of inhibition, as well as a number of other typical results, are parsimoniously accounted for by such a mechanism. In support of the hypothesis, Exps. 1 and 2 demonstrated significant accentuation of proactive inhibition with increased activation both in the presence and absence of inter-trial category relationship. Exp. 3 showed significant attenuation of proactive inhibition as activation decayed. Increase in latency of recall with increased activation was also noted.

Impairments to Consolidation, Reconsolidation, and Long-Term Memory Maintenance Lead to Memory Erasure

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josué Haubrich ◽  
Matteo Bernabo ◽  
Andrew G. Baker ◽  
Karim Nader
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Direct Approach ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Retrieval Failure ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Brain

An enduring problem in neuroscience is determining whether cases of amnesia result from eradication of the memory trace (storage impairment) or if the trace is present but inaccessible (retrieval impairment). The most direct approach to resolving this question is to quantify changes in the brain mechanisms of long-term memory (BM-LTM). This approach argues that if the amnesia is due to a retrieval failure, BM-LTM should remain at levels comparable to trained, unimpaired animals. Conversely, if memories are erased, BM-LTM should be reduced to resemble untrained levels. Here we review the use of BM-LTM in a number of studies that induced amnesia by targeting memory maintenance or reconsolidation. The literature strongly suggests that such amnesia is due to storage rather than retrieval impairments. We also describe the shortcomings of the purely behavioral protocol that purports to show recovery from amnesia as a method of understanding the nature of amnesia.

The Biochemical Basis of Long-Term Memory

1969 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B. Roberts ◽  
Louis B. Flexner
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Biochemical Basis ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Actual Knowledge

Learning and memory are important elements of our daily lives, familiar to all through introspection. Yet the mechanisms underlying these processes are still for the most part unknown. Here are problems which combine a maximum of intrinsic and practical interest with a minimum of actual knowledge and understanding. Years of our lives are dedicated to the formation of certain long-term memories and behaviour patterns, yet we have only rudimentary notions of how such ‘schooling’ is best accomplished. There is no certainty in any aspect of the process. We are not sure whether relatively few cells or millions participate in a memory trace; whether these cells change as a whole, or whether the changes are limited to synaptic regions. In fact, we cannot be certain whether the changes are confined to the neurones or whether the glia also participate.

scholarly journals Information Loss over Time Defines the Memory Defect of Propofol

2004 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Veselis ◽  
Ruth A. Reinsel ◽  
Vladimir A. Feshchenko ◽  
Ray Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Median Split ◽  
Hypnotic Drugs

Background Sedative-hypnotic drugs impair memory, but details regarding the nature of this effect are unknown. The influences of propofol, thiopental, and dexmedetomidine on the performance of a task that isolates specific components of episodic memory function were measured. Methods Working (1 intervening item, 6 s) and long-term memory (10 intervening items, 33 s) were tested using auditory words in a continuous recognition task before and during drug administration. Eighty-three volunteer participants were randomly assigned to receive a constant target concentration of drug or placebo, producing sedative effects from imperceptible to unresponsiveness. Responsive participants were categorized as high or low performers, using a median split of long-term memory performance during drug administration. Recognition of words at the end of the study day was assessed. Results High performers had acquisition of material into long-term memory when drug was present at the same level as placebo. Retention of this material at 225 min was significantly less for propofol (39 +/- 23% loss of material) than for other drugs (17-23% loss; P &lt; 0.01). Greater sedation in low performers was evident in multiple measures. Memory for words presented before drug was no different from that associated with placebo for all groups. Conclusions Lack of retention of material acquired into long-term memory during propofol administration, associated with minimal sedation, seems to define drug-induced amnesia. Sedation seems to impair the acquisition or encoding of material into long-term memory. Therefore, the putative targets of drug-induced amnesia by propofol are processes associated with retention of material in long-term memory.

A date to remember: the nature of memory in savant calendrical calculators

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. HEAVEY ◽  
L. PRING ◽  
B. HERMELIN
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Processing Style ◽  
Calculation Skills ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Day Of The Week ◽  
Better Than

Background. Savant calendar calculators can supply with speed the day of the week of a given date. Although memory is suggested to be an important component of this unusual ability, memory function has never been systematically investigated in these skilled yet learning impaired individuals.Methods. Eight savant calendrical calculators, most of whom had autism, were compared with eight verbal IQ, age and diagnosis matched controls on digit and word span tests and measures of long-term memory for words and calendrical information (individual years). In an analogue to the ‘generation effect’, the savants' memory for dates was also compared following calculation and study/read tasks.Results. The savants did not differ from controls on measures of general short- and long-term memory. They did, however, show a clear recall superiority for the long-term retention of calendrical material. They also remembered calculated dates better than those that were only studied.Conclusions. A general mnemonic advantage cannot explain savant date calculation skills. Rather, through exposure to date information, the savants are suggested to develop a structured calendar-related knowledge base with the process of calculation utilizing the interrelations within this knowledge store. The cognitive processing style characteristic of autism may also play a role in the acquisition of this savant ability.

scholarly journals The road to long-term memory: Top-down attention is more effective than bottom-up attention for forming long-term memories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edyta Sasin ◽  
Daryl Fougnie
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Road ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Better Than

AbstractDoes the strength of representations in long-term memory (LTM) depend on which type of attention is engaged? We tested participants’ memory for objects seen during visual search. We compared implicit memory for two types of objects—related-context nontargets that grabbed attention because they matched the target defining feature (i.e., color; top-down attention) and salient distractors that captured attention only because they were perceptually distracting (bottom-up attention). In Experiment 1, the salient distractor flickered, while in Experiment 2, the luminance of the salient distractor was alternated. Critically, salient and related-context nontargets produced equivalent attentional capture, yet related-context nontargets were remembered far better than salient distractors (and salient distractors were not remembered better than unrelated distractors). These results suggest that LTM depends not only on the amount of attention but also on the type of attention. Specifically, top-down attention is more effective in promoting the formation of memory traces than bottom-up attention.

scholarly journals The Influence of Poststudy Action Congruency on Memory Consolidation

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-223
Author(s):  
René Zeelenberg ◽  
Sebastiaan Remmers ◽  
Florence Blaauwgeers ◽  
Diane Pecher
Keyword(s):  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. The actions associated with objects are thought to be automatically activated when processing object names. Recent studies, however, have failed to find evidence for a role of the motor system in long-term memory for objects. One exception is a study by van Dam et al. (2013) in which participants studied object names associated with pressing (e.g., doorbell) or twisting (e.g., jar), followed by pressing or twisting actions in a seemingly unrelated task. In the final memory test, performance for action congruent words was better than for action incongruent words. We aimed to generalize these findings. In Experiments 1 and 2, we found no effect of action congruency on repetition priming in lexical decision and man-made/natural decision. In Experiment 3, the action congruency manipulation was administered immediately after initial study or a day later, just prior to the recognition memory test. We found no effects of action congruency and timing of the action. Finally, Experiment 4 was a direct replication of Experiment 1 of van Dam et al. (2013) . Again, we failed to find an effect of poststudy action congruency. Thus, we obtained no evidence for the view that motor actions play a role in long-term memory for objects.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document