scholarly journals Cost-effective provision of environmental services: the role of relaxing market constraints

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
BEN GROOM ◽  
CHARLES PALMER
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Payments For Environmental Services ◽  
Environmental Goals

ABSTRACTFerraro and Simpson (2002) argue that when markets are competitive, payments for environmental services (PES) are more cost-effective in achieving environmental goals than more indirect approaches such as subsidies to capital. However, when eco-entrepreneurs face non-price rationing in input or output markets, as is typical for credit in developing countries for example, we show that interventions which relax constraints can be more cost-effective than PES. One corollary of this is that such indirect approaches are preferred to PES by interveners (e.g., donors) and eco-entrepreneurs alike. Both of these outcomes are more likely when constraints are severe. This has implications for schemes with dual environment and poverty alleviation objectives.

The role of deforestation risk and calibrated compensation in designing payments for environmental services

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNIFER ALIX-GARCIA ◽  
ALAIN DE JANVRY ◽  
ELISABETH SADOULET
Keyword(s):  
Common Property ◽  
Budget Constraint ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Payments For Environmental Services ◽  
Land Productivity ◽  
Payment Scheme ◽  
Payment Schemes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Poor Communities

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the gain in efficiency from including deforestation risk as a targeting criterion in payments for environmental services (PES) programs. We contrast two payment schemes that we simulate using data from Mexican common property forests: a flat payment scheme with a cap on allowable hectares per enrollee, similar to the program implemented in many countries, and a payment that takes deforestation risk and heterogeneity in land productivity into account. We simulate the latter strategy both with and without a budget constraint. Using observed past deforestation, we find that while risk-targeted payments are far more efficient, capped flat payments are more egalitarian. We also consider the characteristics of communities receiving payments from both programs. We find that the risk-weighted scheme results in more payments to poor communities, and that these payments are more efficient than those made to non-poor ejidos. Finally, we show that the risk of deforestation can be predicted quite precisely with indicators that are easily observable and that cannot be manipulated by the community.

scholarly journals Role of Short Term Video Encephalography with Induction by Verbal Suggestion in Diagnosis of Suspected Paroxysmal Nonepileptic Seizure-Like Symptoms

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soaham Dilip Desai ◽  
Devangi Desai ◽  
Trilok Jani
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Heart Block ◽  
Focal Epilepsy ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Primary Generalized Epilepsy ◽  
Generalized Epilepsy ◽  
Outpatient Settings

Purpose. To determine the diagnostic yield and utility of STVEEG with verbal suggestion in diagnosis of patients presenting with transient unresponsiveness and suspected psychogenic nonepileptiform seizures. Methods. A retrospective analysis of STVEEG records of patients with transient unresponsiveness and suspected PNES between 1 Jan 2009 and 28 Feb 2014 was done. Results. Amongst 155 patients [38 males, 117 females], with mean age 32 [8–67], PNES were identified in 109 [70.3%], focal epilepsy was identified in 24 [15.4%], and actual seizure was recorded in 7 [4.5%]. Nine [5.8%] patients were found to have both epilepsy and PNES. Primary generalized epilepsy was diagnosed in 2 [1.2%]. A diagnosis of other paroxysmal nonepileptiform events [tachyarrhythmia and heart block] was done in 3 [1.9%]. A normal EEG and no inducible episode and hence an uncertain diagnosis at the end of STVEEG were seen in only 17 [10.9%] patients. A STVEEG of approximately one hour duration was able to establish the diagnosis in 138 [89.1%] patients with transient unresponsiveness. Conclusion. STVEEG with verbal suggestion is a useful and cost effective diagnostic test for diagnosis of PNES. It can be a good modality for diagnosis in patients with transient abnormalities in sensorium in the outpatient settings in developing countries.

Payments for Ecosystem Services: Program Design and Participation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha James ◽  
Erin Sills
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Natural Resource Management ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Payments For Ecosystem Services ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Conservation Practices

Payments for ecosystem or environmental services (PES) are broadly defined as payments (in kind or in cash) to participants (often landowners) who volunteer to provide the services either to a specific user or to society at large. Payments are typically conditional on agreed rules of natural resource management rather than on delivery of the services. The rules range from protection of native ecosystems to installation of conservation practices. The earliest proponents of PES were economists who argued that they are a cost-effective way to conserve forests, manage watersheds, and protect biodiversity. Political support for PES rests on the claim that these programs can alleviate poverty among participants as well as protect the environment. More recent literature and experience with PES reveals barriers to achieving cost-effectiveness and poverty alleviation, including many related to the distribution of participation. The Costa Rican experience illustrates the choices that must be made and the potential for innovation in the design of PES programs.

scholarly journals Role of allo-trilaminar dermal regenerative template in management of burns

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-90
Author(s):  
Ravi Kumar Chittoria ◽  
Neljo Thomas ◽  
Padmalakshmi Bharathi Mohan ◽  
Shijina Koliyath ◽  
Imran Pathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Medical Management ◽  
Third World ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dermal Regeneration Template ◽  
Dermal Regeneration ◽  
Dressing Materials ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

Different methods of treatment options and dressing materials are available in today’s era of medical management of wounds. Trilaminar dermal regeneration template (TDRT) has been in use since the 1980s but owing to its high cost, its affordability and availability in third world developing countries is sparse. Here we have described our experience with the use of an indigenously made cost effective dermal regeneration template made from available materials in management of burns

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