Characterization of the microbial and biochemical profile of the different segments of the digestive tract in horses given two distinct diets

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. de Fombelle ◽  
M. Varloud ◽  
A.-G. Goachet ◽  
E. Jacotot ◽  
C. Philippeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Fibre Degradation ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates ◽  
Pelleted Food

AbstractA first group of three horses was given diet 1 (D1) allowing 1180 g per 100 kg body weight (BW) of a pelleted food rich in fibre (P1) and 556 g per 100 kg BW of straw during a 20-day period to allow for adaptation. A second group of four horses were given diet 2 (D2) allowing 1180 g per 100 kg BW of a pelleted food rich in cereals (P2) and 1000 g per 100 kg BW of meadow hay during the same period. Digesta was collected from the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, right ventral colon, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, right dorsal colon, and small colon, and faeces were collected under general anaesthesia 2·5 h after the ingestion of the morning pelleted meal. The concentration of total anaerobic, cellulolytic and lactic acid-utilizing bacteria, lactobacilli and streptococci were determined in all these segments except for the duodenum, left ventral colon, right dorsal colon and small colon. D-/L-lactic acid, volatile fatty acids and pH were measured in all anatomic segments of the digestive tract (from stomach to small colon). The caecal concentration of total anaerobic bacteria was the lowest (7·9 5 107colony-forming units (c f. u.) per ml), whereas that of the stomach was the highest (1·4 5 109c f. u. per ml) (P< 0·001). Cellulolytic bacteria did not exceed 3·0 5 102c f u. per ml in the ante-caecal segments whereas in the hindgut the average concentration was 5·3 x 105c f u. per ml (P< 0·001). Likewise, VFA concentrations were also greater in the large intestine (on average, 96·3 mmol/l v. 8·8 mmol/l in the ante-caecal segments) (P< 0·001), confirming the limited extent of fibre degradation in these ante-caecal segments. Lactobacilli, streptococci and lactate-utilizing bacteria colonized all the digestive tract; the stomach and the small intestine tended to host the greatest numbers of these bacteria, which suggests a high interference of micro-organisms with the digestion of readily fermentable carbohydrates. Compared with the other ante-caecal segments, the stomach ecosystem seemed the most affected by the composition of the last pelleted meal ingested: the concentrations of lactobacilli and lactate-utilizing bacteria were higher (P< 0·05) with P2. The lower concentration of D-/L-lactate with P2 (P< 0·05) was concomitant with a greater proportion of propionate (P< 0·05), probably related to a greater fermentation of lactate. In the large intestine of horses given D2, cellulolytic bacteria tended to be lower, whereas VFA concentrations were higher (P < 0·05). The lower [NDF/starch] ratio of D2 was probably less propitious for the proliferation of cellulolytic bacteria but was compensated by the higher cellulose intake brought by the hay.

scholarly journals Effects of some poorly digestible carbohydrates on bile acid bacterial transformations in the rat

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Andrieux ◽  
Daniele Gadelle ◽  
Christine Leprince ◽  
E. Sacquet
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Cholic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Transformation ◽  
Carbohydrate Feeding ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates

The effects of ingestion of poorly digestible carbohydrates on bacterial transformations of cholic acid and β-muricholic acid were studied in rats fed on increasing levels of lactose, lactulose, amylomaize or potato starches. Each level was given for 3 weeks and, at the end of each dietary treatment, bile acid faecal composition was analysed and a group of six rats was killed every 4 h during 24 h to determine the amounts of fermented carbohydrate and fermentation characteristics (caecal pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lactic acid concentrations). Fermentation of carbohydrates decreased caecal pH and enhanced caecal VFA and lactic acid concentrations. Irrespective of the poorly digestible carbohydrate, the variation of bacterial transformation always occurred in the same way: the bacterial transformation of β-muricholic acid into hyodeoxycholic acid was the first to disappear, while ω-muricholic acid formation increased; second, cholic acid transformation decreased and finally all bile acid transformations were strongly affected. There was a significant correlation between bile acid transfer and the minimal caecal pH in vivo. This effect of pH was similar in vitro. To determine whether the levels of bacteria which transformed bile acids were modified, rats fed on the highest amounts of poorly digestible carbohydrates were introduced into isolators and carbohydrate feeding was stopped. Caecal pH recovered its initial value but bile acid transformations remained changed, suggesting that the intestinal microflora were modified by ingestion of fermentable carbohydrates.

VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS AND LACTIC ACID IN THE ALIMENTARY TRACT OF THE YOUNG PIG

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Friend ◽  
H. M. Cunningham ◽  
J. W. G. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Lower Section ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Dietary Effects

A total of 208 digesta samples from the stomach, small intestine, caecum and colon of 79 piglets killed between 1 and 9 weeks of age were analysed for volatile fatty acids (C1 – C5) and lactic acid.The total concentration of the acids in the large intestine ranged from 11 to 29 meq./100 ml. fluid which generally exceeded that in the stomach and small intestine. As the pigs aged, concentration tended to decrease in the upper sections and increase in the lower section of the tract. The addition of whey to a basal "creep" ration, fed from 3 weeks of age, had no apparent effect on the concentration of acids.Formic acid was found only in the small intestine. Increased proportions of acetic and propionic acids in the stomach of the 5-week-old pig indicated dietary effects due to the introduction of solid feed. Lactic acid proportions were from zero in the large intestine to 95 per cent in the stomach. The proportions of lactic acid in the stomach and small intestine of pigs at 9 weeks was markedly higher than at 7 weeks when weaned. Antibiotic (100 gm. chlortetracycline/ton) added to the whey ration fed to 4 pigs from 7 weeks of age gave increases in concentration which were significant (P < 0.05) only in the stomach. The proportion of acids was not altered by antibiotic in the feed.

scholarly journals Multidimensional Approach for Investigating the Effects of an Antibiotic–Probiotic Combination on the Equine Hindgut Ecosystem and Microbial Fibrolysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axelle Collinet ◽  
Pauline Grimm ◽  
Samy Julliand ◽  
Véronique Julliand
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Immune Balance ◽  
Immune Biomarkers ◽  
Relative Abundances

The equine hindgut ecosystem is specialized in dietary fibers’ fermentation to provide horses’ energy and contribute to its health. Nevertheless, antibiotics are known to disrupt the hindgut microbiota, affecting the fibrolytic activity of bacteria and the intestinal immune balance, leading to diseases. This in vivo study used a general and comprehensive approach for characterizing the hindgut ecosystem of 9 healthy horses over 28 days in response to a 5-day challenge with oral trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMS), with a special emphasis on microbial fibrolytic activity and the host immune response. Horses were supplemented with two doses of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Ligilactobacillus salivarius (formerly L. salivarius), and Bifidobacterium lactis blend or a placebo in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Changes in fecal microbiota were investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing. Clostridioides difficile was quantified in feces using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Anaerobic microbiological culture was used to enumerate functional bacterial groups (cellulolytic, amylolytic, and lactic acid-utilizing). The environmental dimensions were assessed by measuring the concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and lactic acid using biochemical methods, and changes in pH and dry matter weight. Systemic and local inflammation was evaluated by determination of cytokine and immunoglobulin (Ig)A concentrations in the serum and secretory IgA (SIgA) concentrations in the feces using immuno-enzymatic methods. Oral TMS treatment strongly altered the whole hindgut ecosystem by 2 days after the first administration. Bacterial diversity decreased in proportion to the relative abundance of fibrolytic genera, which coincided with the decrease in the concentration of cellulolytic bacteria. At the same time, the composition of microbiota members was reorganized in terms of relative abundances, probably to support the alteration in fibrolysis. C. difficile DNA was not found in these horses, but the relative abundances of several potential pathobiont genera increased. 2 days after the first TMS administration, fecal concentrations of VFAs and SIgA increased in parallel with fecal water content, suggesting an alteration of the integrity of the hindgut mucosa. Recovery in bacterial composition, functions, and immune biomarkers took 2–9 days after the end of TMS administration. Supplementation with this bacterial blend did not limit bacterial alteration but might have interesting mucosal immunomodulatory effects.

Anatomi Saluran Pencernaan biawak air (Varanus salvator) (Reptil: Varanidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfud Mahfud ◽  
Ihwan
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Animal Population ◽  
Varanus Salvator ◽  
Commercial Purpose ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Biology Laboratory

Excessive hunting and poaching for commercial purpose of Varanus salvator in Indonesia can cause a decline in this animal population. However, the scientific information of this animal especially about the biologic of organ system is rarely reported. Therefore, this case opens up opportunities for researching, which aims to study the anatomy of digestive tract of water monitor macroscopically. This research has been conducted in Biology Laboratory, University of Muhammadiyah Kupang for 5 months from March to August 2016. The digestive organ of this animal that has been preserved in alcohol 70% was obtained before from two males of water monitors. Preservation process: the animal were anesthetized, exsanguinated, and fixated in 4 paraformaldehyde by tissue perfusion method. Observations were performed to the visceral site and morphometrical of digestive tract. The resulted data was analysed descriptively and presented in tables and figures. The digestive tract of water monitor consist of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and cloaca. The dimension of each organ is different based on its structures and functions. The esophagus of water monitor connects the mouth cavity and the stomach and also as the entrance of food to the stomach. Water monitor stomach were found in cranial part of abdomen, in left side of liver. The small intestine was longer than stomach and it is a winding muscular tube in abdomen in posterior side of liver. The large intestine consist of colon and cloaca, while cecum was not found. This channel was extend lateromedially in abdomen to cloaca between left and right kidneys. The cloaca was the end of digestive tract which excreted feces and urine. From this research, we can conclude that the digestive tract of water monitor consists of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It’s difficult to differentiate small intestine and large intestine because there are no cecum.

scholarly journals Effects of Methanogenic Inhibitors on Methane Production and Abundances of Methanogens and Cellulolytic Bacteria inIn VitroRuminal Cultures

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 2634-2639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenming Zhou ◽  
Qingxiang Meng ◽  
Zhongtang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Methanogen Population ◽  
Propynoic Acid

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to systematically evaluate and compare the effects of select antimethanogen compounds on methane production, feed digestion and fermentation, and populations of ruminal bacteria and methanogens usingin vitrocultures. Seven compounds, including 2-bromoethanesulphonate (BES), propynoic acid (PA), nitroethane (NE), ethyltrans-2-butenoate (ETB), 2-nitroethanol (2NEOH), sodium nitrate (SN), and ethyl-2-butynote (EB), were tested at a final concentration of 12 mM. Ground alfalfa hay was included as the only substrate to simulate daily forage intake. Compared to no-inhibitor controls, PA, 2NEOH, and SN greatly reduced the production of methane (70 to 99%), volatile fatty acids (VFAs; 46 to 66%), acetate (30 to 60%), and propionate (79 to 82%), with 2NEOH reducing the most. EB reduced methane production by 23% without a significant effect on total VFAs, acetate, or propionate. BES significantly reduced the propionate concentration but not the production of methane, total VFAs, or acetate. ETB or NE had no significant effect on any of the above-mentioned measurements. Specific quantitative-PCR (qPCR) assays showed that none of the inhibitors significantly affected total bacterial populations but that they did reduce theFibrobacter succinogenespopulation. SN reduced theRuminococcus albuspopulation, while PA and 2NEOH increased the populations of bothR. albusandRuminococcus flavefaciens. Archaeon-specific PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed that all the inhibitors affected the methanogen population structure, while archaeon-specific qPCR revealed a significant decrease in methanogen population in all treatments. These results showed that EB, ETB, NE, and BES can effectively reduce the total population of methanogens but that they reduce methane production to a lesser extent. The results may guide futureinvivostudies to develop effective mitigation of methane emission from ruminants.

Isolation and identification of rumen bacteria capable of anaerobic rutin degradation

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1365-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. -J. Cheng ◽  
G. A. Jones ◽  
F. J. Simpson ◽  
M. P. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Heterocyclic Ring ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Rutin Degradation

Fifteen strains of bacteria capable of degrading rutin anaerobically were isolated from bovine rumen contents and identified by morphological and biochemical evidence as strains of Butyrivibrio sp. Three cultures from a laboratory collection of 53 strains of rumen bacteria also used rutin anaerobically. Two, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens D1 and Selenomonas ruminantium GA192, cleaved the glycosidic bond of rutin and fermented the sugar but did not degrade the insoluble aglycone produced; the third strain, Peptostreptococcus sp. B178, degraded the substrate to soluble products. Butyrivibrio sp. C3 degraded rutin, quercitrin, and naringin to water-soluble products, showing that the organism cleaved the heterocyclic ring of these compounds. Butyrivibrio sp. C3 fermented the sugar moiety of hesperidin but did not cleave the heterocyclic ring. It did not attack quercetin, taxifolin, protocatechuic acid, or phloroglucinol. In a medium containing rumen fluid, Butyrivibrio sp. C3 degraded rutin more than twice as fast as it did in a medium containing enzymatic casein hydrolyzate, volatile fatty acids, yeast extract, and hemin in place of rumen fluid.The observations reported in this paper are believed to represent the first recorded demonstration of degradation of the heterocyclic ring structure of rutin and other bioflavonoids in pure cultures of anaerobic bacteria.

Determination of soluble carbohydrates, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids in soils and biological media

1929 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Subrahmanyan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Biological Media ◽  
Factors Affecting

Methods for extraction, concentration and determination of minute quantities of soluble carbohydrates, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids have been described. Different factors affecting the accuracy of the determinations have been studied and corrections, where necessary, have been suggested.

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