IV. The Religious Difficulties of National Education in England, 1800–70

1956 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. A. Best
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Elementary Education ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Church And State ◽  
National Education ◽  
New Material ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Complete History ◽  
The Ideal

The peculiar problems and difficulties in the way of achieving a national system of elementary education in nineteenth-century England have long been so obvious and notorious that a new attempt at an objective and comprehensive view must seem surprising and rash. My excuse for nevertheless making that attempt is not the discovery of any new material, which, even if it were to become available, could hardly alter the well-known outlines of the harrowing tale as told in the standard histories: nor could much be added to the careful sketch made of the Church's contribution by F. Warre Cornish, or the excellent summary of the educational principles in conflict given by W. F. Connell. To the details of these, and of the distillation of them which appears in the best text-books, I can suggest only one positive amendment. But looking at the matter from the sheltered advantage of one who has not to write a detailed thorough book about it, it seems to me that none of the existing books can do the subject justice, for none of them tells the whole story. If such substantial books as have already been written fail to tell the whole story, it is obvious that a brief article will not succeed in doing so, and I can only aim to suggest something which the ideal complete history must not omit. For more than half a century we have been learning that the issues of Church and State in the Middle Ages can never be understood if Church and State are regarded as susceptible of separate histories. To see them thus is to see two things where men at the time saw but one. Similarly, the problems of Victorian public education cannot properly be understood in their multi-dimensional reality if they are split into categories normal, perhaps, for our own time, but strange to theirs.

A Phase of the Struggle for Catholic Education: Manchester and Salford in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Savio Hamer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Elementary Education ◽  
Catholic Education ◽  
National Education ◽  
National System ◽  
Comprehensive View ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Educational Debate ◽  
Historical Journal ◽  
Roman Catholics

Writing in theCambridge Historical Journalin 1956, G.F.A. Best introduced his article on the religious difficulties of national education in England from 1800 to 1870 with the comment ‘the peculiar problems and difficulties in the way of achieving a national system of elementary education in nineteenth-century England [had] long been so obvious and notorious that a new attempt at an objective and comprehensive view must seem surprising and rash.’ He then justified his own article on the grounds that none of the works available did the subject justice because none told the whole story. In giving only fleeting mention to the educational claims of Roman Catholics, however, even Best omitted an essential of the great educational debate that was waged over England for much of the nineteenth century and that in its earlier phases found some of its more powerful voices in Manchester.

Contested Citizenship

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Brühwiler
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Ideal

This article examines public education and the establishment of the nation-state in the first half of the nineteenth century in Switzerland. Textbooks, governmental decisions, and reports are analyzed in order to better understand how citizenship is depicted in school textbooks and whether (federal) political changes affected the image of the “imagined citizen” portrayed in such texts. The “ideal citizen” was, first and foremost, a communal and cantonal member of a twofold society run by the church and the secular government, in which nationality was depicted as a third realm.

Heterodoxy in Dante's Purgatory

PMLA ◽  
1923 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-98
Author(s):  
Alfonso de Salvio
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
General Conception ◽  
Preceding Page ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Middle Ages

In his “Dante as a Religious Teacher” Dr. Edward Moore makes the following significant remarks with regard to Dante's teaching on the subject of Purgatory: “Dante's conception of the nature and purpose of the pains of Purgatory stands in very marked contrast to the popular ideas of the Middle Ages, and not only to the popular ideas, but also to the teaching and practice of the Roman Church both then and in later times… This difference of attitude on the part of Dante applies not only to the general conception of Purgatory itself, but still more strikingly to the practical consequences flowing from it, in teaching respecting indulgences, transference of merits, and means of remission of, or escape from, Purgatorial penalties.” However, the eminent Dantist minimizes the significance of this difference of attitude and applies to it what he said in a preceding page concerning Dante's conception of the relation of Church and State, namely, that “it may be held to be contumacious, but scarcely heretical, to criticize and oppose what has been authoritatively declared to be essential as a practical condition for the exercise of the Church's mission.”

scholarly journals Medieval religious intellectual culture in the works of V.S. Soloviev

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Vadim L. Afanasevsky
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Intellectual Culture ◽  
Religious Worldview ◽  
Man In The Middle ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article discusses the views of V.S. Solovyov on the medieval religious worldview. The main problem for historical and historical and philosophical thought at the end of the 19th century was the question of the degree of influence of Christian ideology on the perception of man in the Middle Ages. And since it was V.S. Soloviev who expressed doubts about the absolute significance of the Christian doctrine for the consciousness of medieval Western Europe, Byzantium and Russia, then his constructions are especially interesting. The author proceeds from the assumption that all his reflections can be characterized as Christian utopianism, however, it is presented in the space of liberal teachings of Russia in the second half of the 19th century. Attention is focused on the aspiration of V.S. Solovyov to solve problems through the completeness and purity of the ideal of Christianity. Therefore, the world-historical process itself appears as a condition for the functioning of this ideal. The key point for the Russian philosopher is the conviction that in the Middle Ages pagan elements persist and affect the consciousness of people under the guise of the Christian faith. And this leads to the antinomy of the order of life and the spirit of the Middle Ages. It is this moment that serves as the subject of this article.

scholarly journals Historical Master Narratives and the Master Narrative of the Bulgarian Middle Ages

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 259-280
Author(s):  
Roumen Daskalov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Master Narrative ◽  
National Narrative ◽  
Master Narratives ◽  
Counter Narrative ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Critical Historiography

The article is a brief and schematic presentation of the notion of a “master narrative” and of the master narrative of the Bulgarian Middle Ages, which is the subject a detailed book of mine in Bulgarian. This master narrative was constructed starting with what is known as “Romantic” historiography (from Monk Paisij’s “Istorija Slavjanobolgarskaja” [Slavonic-Bulgarian History] in 1762 to Vasil Aprilov’s writings in the first half of the nineteenth century) but it was elaborated especially with the development of “scientific” (or critical) historiography first by Marin Drinov (1838–1906) and mainly by the most significant Bulgarian historians from the “bourgeois” era: Vasil Zlatarski (1866–1935), Petăr Mutafčiev (1883–1943), and Petăr Nikov (1884–1938). Then it was interrupted by the (crude) Marxist counter-narrative of the late 1940s through the 1960s. Starting in the late 1960s there was a gradual return to the nationalism of the master national narrative, which reached a peak with the celebration of the 1,300th anniversary of the founding of the Bulgarian state in 1981. The same line continued after 1989 (stripped of the Marxist vulgata), yet some new tendencies appeared.

scholarly journals The role of public and private initiatives in the development of public education in Minusinsk District of Yenisei Province in the late XIX – early XX centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-53
Author(s):  
Svetlana Zlotnikova Gennad'evna Zlotnikova
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Elementary Education ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Board Of Regents ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Subject

The subject of this research is public and private initiatives of the population in the development of public education in the Minusinsk District of Yenisei Province in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The goal consists in studying the role of public and private initiatives in the development of public education in the territory of Minusinsk District of Yenisei Province over the period under review. The article employs the cultural-historical and historical-geographical methods; historiographical framework is comprised of the materials of pre-revolutionary periodical press (the newspaper “Eastern Review”), statistical data of Reviews of Yenisei Province, archival documents of the Minusinsk State Archive, and published documentation. Special attention is given to charitable activity of such individuals as I. G. Gusev, V. A. Danilov, F. F. Devyatov, N. M. Martyanov, I. M. Sibiryakov, and others in the sphere of public education. The article reviews the role of the Board of Regents of Minusinsk Women's Professional Gymnasium and Minusinsk Society for the Monitoring of Elementary Education on the issue of literacy of the local population. The conclusion is made that the autonomous socially important activity of the representatives of merchantry and peasantry, as well as nongovernmental organizations, contributed to an increase in the number of schools, improvement of financial situation of educational institutions of Minusinsk District, and attraction competent pedagogues to the Siberian province.

Poets and their Philosophies

Philosophy ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 26 (97) ◽  
pp. 114-120
Author(s):  
Meyrick H. Carré
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Recent Criticism ◽  
Science And Society ◽  
Academic Philosophy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Rational Systems ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Ideal

Poets, like other men, have their speculative moods. Some poets have been widely read in the literature of philosophy and have wrestled continuously with the intellectual problems of their times. From Euripides to Mr. Eliot large expanses of dialectical argument have appeared in verse, and in our own tongue Spenser, Shakespeare, Pope, Wordsworth and many other supreme writers have questioned the semblance of nature and mind, and have sought to trace the ideal forms of reality. Men of letters in every generation have naturally discussed the problems of knowledge and existence and have offered emphatic opinions on them. The views of poets have been accorded particular honour and attention. Illustrious poets have declared that poetry opens a more penetrating road to truth than that which is provided by science or academic philosophy. Certain modern critics repeat these claims. “The mind of man,” writes one, “has a knowledge of truth beyond the near-truths of science and society. Poetry tells us this truth.” I will not pause here to inquire whether anything of value can be observed of poetry in general any more than can be stated of prose in general. Nor do I wish to enter into the subject of poetic truth. The questions I desire to raise concern assumptions about the philosophical ideas of poets. Recent criticism has shown a notable tendency to fasten on these ideas. The tendency revives the practice of the nineteenth century when theologians, philosophers and literary thinkers were fond of expounding the rational systems of Wordsworth, Tennyson and Browning. The present vogue of this prosaic treatment of poetry may be due to a strong recoil from the literary fashion prevalent a generation ago which minimized the intellectual feature in the art of poetry.

Jean Delville's La Mission de l'Art: Hegelian Echoes in fin-de-siècle Idealism

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 330-372
Author(s):  
Brendan Cole
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Arthur Schopenhauer ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Prolific Author ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractJean Delville was not only a gifted painter, but also a prolific author, poet and polemicist. He is unique amongst his artistic contemporaries for having written extensively on the subject of Idealism in art. Idealist philosophy, as an intellectual influence, was fairly pervasive amongst contemporary non-realist authors, poets and painters; the core nineteenth-century influence in this regard was the writings of Arthur Schopenhauer. Delville, however, took a different path, particularly in his seminal book, La Mission de l'Art, and his various polemical essays on the subject, which reflect, rather, key ideas derived from the writings of the German Idealist, G.W.F. Hegel. Hegel's influence on late-nineteenth century non-realist art is understated in the literature. This paper analyses the main ideas of Delville's La Mission de l'Art in the context of Hegelian Idealism. It focuses on key areas of this tradition, specifically with regard to the nature of the Idea and the Ideal, the relation of the Ideal to the natural world, the relation between the Idea and the notion of Beauty and the special role of the artist in revealing the Idea in physical form.

Puritanism: the Problem of Definition

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 283-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basil Hall
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Ideal

There are those ready to admire the Puritans almost for the very name (as did Spurgeon), and there are others who like Sir Andrew Aguecheek when confronted with ‘a kind of Puritan’ are ready ‘to beat him like a dog’ (as did Macaulay): but may we not with Sir Toby say to both these groups, ‘For being a Puritan? Thine exquisite reason?’—for Sir Toby, even in his cups, saw the need apparently to distinguish and define.The problem of Puritanism is to define what it was and who the Puritans were—a fact often recognised but leading to little change in the treatment of the subject which is nearly always regarded as a comprehensive but homogeneous entity. Three examples may suffice to show what difficulties may arise for those who, seeking instruction, go to the most respected authors. First, A. S. P. Woodhouse, in Puritanism and Liberty, writes that ‘Puritanism is an entity’ capable of being extended to cover ‘the varied forces generated by the Protestant Reformation and given their opportunity by the revolt against the Crown and the Church in the first half of the seventeenth century.’ However, it is also possible to describe the Puritans as ‘the more conservative,’ ‘the strictly calvinistic,’ who ‘followed the Genevan pattern in Church and State’ and were ‘synonymous with Presbyterians.’ But, ‘the cleavage between the Presbyterians and sectaries is marked,’ yet this division leaves ‘the problem of the centre party, the Independents.’ Following Troeltsch one can speak of ‘a Puritan church type and a Puritan sect type, the ideal of the holy community is true of all the Puritan groups.’ Finally, ‘it is not necessary to posit a unity but there is continuity in Puritan thought.’ Here, as elsewhere, as soon as a statement is made a qualification of it, if not a contradiction of it, becomes necessary.

‘She succeeds with cloudless brow …’ How Active was the Spirituality of Nonconformist Women in the Home during the Period 1825–75?

1998 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 347-359
Author(s):  
Linda Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Contemporary Debate ◽  
Separate Spheres ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Influential Book ◽  
The Ideal

He role and place of women in the nineteenth century has been the subject of much recent debate. In their influential book, Family Fortunes, Davidoff and Hall traced the development of separate spheres, which, they argued, was linked to the process of industrialization and the emergence of the middle class during the period 1780–1850. They emphasised that both nonconformists and evangelical Anglicans had played a determining role in this development. Amanda Vickery, amongst others, has questioned this thesis. She believes that the premises are flawed, and that early modern studies have shown that neither industrialization, nor the development of separate spheres, can be located at the end of the eighteenth century. Additionally, Helsinger and others have pointed out that there was a contemporary debate over the issue of women, with several varieties of ideology under discussion. Whilst these criticisms of Davidoff and Hall need to be recognized, nevertheless, as Helsinger acknowledges, the ideal of the passive, home-based woman was a major influence in mid-nineteenth-century society.

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