scholarly journals United by grass, separated by coal: Uruguay and New Zealand during the First Globalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-289
Author(s):  
Emiliano Travieso
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The North ◽  
Modern Economic Growth ◽  
Pastoral Production ◽  
Technological Context ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Meat Preservation

AbstractWhile the role of coal has been the subject of long-running debate in the historiography of the Industrial Revolution, its part in the economic development of the global periphery has been comparatively neglected. The technological context of the ‘First Globalization’ (c.1870–1914) made pastoral production in the periphery increasingly dependent on modern energy, as new methods of production and transportation bridged the distance between grasslands in the south of the world and kitchens in the north. By comparing choices of meat preservation techniques in Uruguay and New Zealand – two small settler economies that prospered on the back of pastoral exports – this article highlights the usefulness of an energy perspective on agriculture-based transitions to modern economic growth. Different conditions of access to coal shaped how New Zealanders and Uruguayans exploited their livestock herds when terms of trade favoured them the most, with important consequences for the persisting income gap between them.

THE TWO REVOLUTIONS, LANDED ELITES, AND EDUCATION DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1478-1511
Author(s):  
Duarte N. Leite ◽  
Óscar Afonso ◽  
Sandra T. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Education Reforms ◽  
Modern Economic Growth ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Passionate Debate

Understanding the causes of the Industrial Revolution, namely the process of transition from a Malthusian equilibrium to modern economic growth, has been the subject of passionate debate. This paper contributes to insights into the process of industrialization and the demographic transition that followed. We present a model that proposes a mechanism behind the claim that landed elites had strong incentives to block education reforms. By applying the theory of interest groups to landownership, landowners could delay education. However, they could not prevent its introduction indefinitely since gains for the landed elites derived from education would at some moment surpass the costs associated with them. We also sustain that improvements in agricultural productivity prior to the Industrial Revolution may have induced a positive impact on the landowners’ decision to educate the population, which led to an earlier introduction of education reforms. The conclusions fit the patterns of the late boom of industrialization and demographic transition and help explain why some countries (e.g., Britain and The Netherlands) had accelerated education reforms and a faster process of industrialization than most continental countries. A theoretical model is presented, and numerical simulations are exhibited to illustrate our claims.

Capital, Investment, and Innovation in the Roman World

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Roman History ◽  
Roman Economy ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Modern Economic Growth ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Agriculture Water

Investment in capital, both physical and financial, and innovation in its uses are often considered the linchpins of modern economic growth, while credit and credit markets now seem to determine the wealth—as well as the fate—of nations. This book asks whether it always thus, and whether the Roman economy—large, complex, and sophisticated as it was— looked anything like today’s economies in terms of its structural properties. Through consideration of the allocation and uses of capital and credit and the role of innovation in the Roman world, the contributors to this volume go to the heart of the matter. How was capital in its various forms generated, allocated, and employed in the Roman economy? Did the Romans have markets for capital goods and credit? Did investment in capital lead to innovation and productivity growth? The authors consider multiple aspects of capital use in agriculture, water management, trade, and urban production, and of credit provision, finance, and human capital in different periods of Roman history, in Italy and elsewhere in the Roman world. Using many different types of written and archaeological evidence, and employing a range of modern theoretical perspectives and methodologies, the contributors, an international team of historians and archaeologists, have produced the first book-length contribution to focus exclusively on (physical and financial) capital in the Roman world, a volume that is aimed at experts in the field as well as at economic historians and archaeologists specializing in other periods and places.

scholarly journals If Germany Came to New Zealand

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 489
Author(s):  
John Salmond
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Inaugural Address ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
College Now ◽  
Modern Warfare

This article is a report from the New Zealand Mail, 1 August 1906, which covered Professor John Salmond's inaugural address as the chair of law at Victoria College (now Victoria University of Wellington). Professor Salmond dealt with the subject of international law with regards to the conditions of modern warfare. He discusses important international treaties, the role of the civil population, and what would happen if war came to New Zealand. Professor Salmond concludes that a key player in resolving international disputes was arbitration, which he believed was full of hope and promise for the future. 

Economic Growth and Human Development since 1820

2018 ◽  
pp. 22-54
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Modern Economic Growth ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Proximate Causes ◽  
The One

This chapter examines the trends in economic growth and human development in Turkey during the last two centuries. Economists have learned a great deal about modern economic growth since the end of World War II. The large and growing literature has emphasized that increases in productivity, achieved through technological progress on the one hand, and increases in per capita physical capital and education levels, on the other, were the most important factors contributing to economic growth. In addition, the labor force is much better educated than in 1820. In short, technological change and higher rates of investment in both physical and human capital are seen today as the leading proximate causes of economic growth since the Industrial Revolution.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Paul Erdkamp ◽  
Koenraad Verboven ◽  
Arjan Zuiderhoek
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Roman Economy ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Large Complex ◽  
Modern Economic Growth ◽  
Modern Economic

Investment in capital, both physical and financial, and innovation in its uses are often considered the linchpin of modern economic growth, while credit and credit markets now seem to determine the wealth—as well as the fate—of nations. Yet was it always thus? The Roman economy was large, complex, and sophisticated, but in terms of its structural properties, did it look anything like the economies we know today? Through consideration of the allocation and uses of capital and credit and the role of innovation in the Roman world, this volume explores how capital in its various forms was generated, allocated, and employed in the Roman economy; whether the Romans had markets for capital goods and credit; and whether investment in capital led to innovation and productivity growth.

Financial Development and Economic Growth

2015 ◽  
pp. 233-245
Author(s):  
Filiz Eryılmaz ◽  
Hasan Bakır ◽  
Mehmet Mercan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between financial development and economic growth has been the subject of considerable debate in development and growth literature. Therefore this chapter provides evidence on the role of financial development in accounting for economic growth in 23 OECD countries (Italy, Japan, Luxemburg, Holland, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, England, USA, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Turkey, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland) via panel data analysis using the annual data for the period 1980-2012. The authors find a positive relationship between financial development and economic growth for all countries. Also this result means that financial development leads economic growth in these countries. So the results may help policymakers formulate effective financial sector policies as a tool to promote economic growth.

scholarly journals Unreal Wages? Real Income and Economic Growth in England, 1260–1850

2019 ◽  
Vol 129 (623) ◽  
pp. 2867-2887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Humphries ◽  
Jacob Weisdorf
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Annual Income ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Modern Economic Growth ◽  
Modern Economic

Abstract Estimates of historical workers’ annual incomes suffer from the fundamental problem that they are inferred from day wage rates without knowing how many days of work day-labourers undertook per year. We circumvent the problem by building an income series based on the payments made to workers employed by the year rather than by the day. Our data suggest that earlier annual income estimates based on day wages overestimate medieval labour incomes but underestimate labour incomes during the Industrial Revolution. Our revised estimates indicate that modern economic growth began more than two centuries earlier than commonly thought and was driven by an ‘Industrious Revolution’. They also suggest that the current global downturn in labour's share is not exceptional but fits within the range of historical fluctuations.

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