Globalization, Financial Development and Income Inequality

Globalization, as a concept has three main aspects: economic, political and social. Economic globalization in general, refers to the liberalization of trade between countries and increasing mobility of factors. In the case of factor mobility, capital flows come to the fore. Increasing capital mobility in the form of foreign direct investment and more importantly, portfolio investments, apart from causing a new international division of labour among regions of the world, also have important effects on the financialization phenomenon, changes in income distribution and changing institutional structures. Developments in information-telecommunication technologies, changing patterns in intellectual sphere, as well as in political and economic institutions especially after the mid-1970s play a role in the rise of financial globalization. Financial liberalization has been celebrated since McKinnon (1973)-Shaw (1973), but the Great Recession sparked doubts on the ability of unchecked financial development on providing a solid and fair foundation of economic development.

After The Global Crisis, Is It Globalization or Globalonelization?

Since the rise of globalization which has abolished the role of nation-state gradually, the world has been increasingly dealing with world-wide pandemics and multi-regional financial crises. The nature of the Global Financial Crisis has made it clear that financially integrated and globalized markets which are poorly regulated with lax supervision, can pose significant risks, with disastrous economic consequences. Did global unfairness and loose monetary policy or lack of common fiscal policy deepen the crisis? Is globalization responsible from the loss of power of local governments on their economies? Finally, can “deglobalization” be an alternative solution for the emerging economies? The answers of these questions are even more crucial after the “FED tapering”. In this context, this chapter discusses the future of financial globalization with respect to its effects on the emerging economies during the global crisis.

Economic Development and Its Impact on Turkish Banking Sector

This chapter aims to understand the impact of major macroeconomic and regulatory changes on the Turkish banking sector. The authors specifically focus on the financial liberalization program of 1980s, inherent banking problems of 1990s, the 1994 currency crisis, the IMF stabilization program, the 2000-2001 financial crises, and the banking sector restructuring program of May 2001.

Financial Development and Economic Growth

The relationship between financial development and economic growth has been the subject of considerable debate in development and growth literature. Therefore this chapter provides evidence on the role of financial development in accounting for economic growth in 23 OECD countries (Italy, Japan, Luxemburg, Holland, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, England, USA, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Turkey, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland) via panel data analysis using the annual data for the period 1980-2012. The authors find a positive relationship between financial development and economic growth for all countries. Also this result means that financial development leads economic growth in these countries. So the results may help policymakers formulate effective financial sector policies as a tool to promote economic growth.

An Assessment on Inflation Risk and Its Effects on Business Operations

The latest economic crisis in the world affected business operations and decision making process at management rank. One of the major components of financial system is business organizations within the financial environment, which injects cash to the system and individuals. Therefore, fluctuations in financial system regarding inflationary trends should be evaluated and risk management functions for banking operations should be facilitated. In this chapter, operating mechanism of financial system, risks, inflation and the effects of inflation on business operations have been outlined from a theoretical perspective.

Price Determination in Public Offering and Evaluation Methods

The latest financial situation in capital markets in advanced economies, emerging markets, and the Euro zone illustrates that volatility and risks related to global economic activity and global financial markets have impact on local capital markets and directly affects the value of company stocks even though an investor diversified his/her risk by investing in a portfolio. The initial public offering process, performance evaluation methods, and price determination became key factors for companies and investors. In this chapter, advantages and disadvantages of IPO, pricing methods and performance evaluation methods are assessed.

The Factors Influencing Taxpayers' Acceptance of E-Taxation System

E-taxation is one of the most popular e-government services. Most countries are focused on implementing an e-taxation system. The success of an e-taxation system depends on the taxpayers' acceptance of it. The taxpayers' intention to use an e-taxation system is determined by various factors. This chapter, based on empirical data collected from a survey of 505 respondents in Turkey, seeks to identify the factors that influence the taxpayers' acceptance of e-taxation system. It test various constructs of the UTAUT model – performance expectancy, trust perception, perceived risk, effort expectancy and facilitating conditions – on Turkish taxpayers' intention to use the e-taxation system. Structural equation modeling is used to analyze the effects of these variables on intention to use. The results indicate that performance expectancy and perceived risk have a significant impact on behavioral intention and that effort expectancy and facilitating conditions have a significant impact on intention to use.

Some Important Regulatory and Institutional Reforms in Turkey after 2001 Financial Crisis

The Turkish economy faced its worst financial crisis in 2001. The crisis started in the public sector and soon spread into the financial sector and finally led to major problems in the real estate sector. Following this crisis, which caused many banks to shut down and go into bankruptcy, many reforms took place. Thanks to these reforms, the Turkish economy has been growing steadily since 2003, except for the year 2008, despite conflicts in the neighboring states, and fluctuations in the global energy prices. Turkey owes this success to public and private sector reform and regulation and to its decisiveness in the implementation process. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the economic reform process in Turkey since the 2001 financial crisis as well as reflections of this reform process on the Turkish economy.

Causal Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth

In this chapter, the authors investigate the causality relationship between the inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth as measured by Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in Turkey during the period 1974-2012 by using the Granger causality tests. The causality test indicates that economic growth Granger-causes FDI. This means that there is bidirectional causality from Reel GDP to FDI in Turkey. So the author results support “the growth – driven FDI hypothesis”. This demonstrates that in the related time in Turkey, more direct foreign investment entered the economy together with an increase in economic growth.

Dynamic Relationship between Stock Prices and Exchange Rates in Emerging Markets

All the emerging markets are vulnerable to the fears of capital outflows after the US Federal Reserve's tapering on May 22, 2013. The term “Fragile Five” was introduced by a research note of Morgan Stanley to refer to the countries of Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Turkey. The aim of this study is to examine whether there are stock and foreign exchange markets integration among Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Turkey. The authors employ cointegration-based tests, vector error correction modeling techniques, and Granger causality tests to examine the long-run and short-run linkages between stock prices and exchange rates. The results of cointegration tests suggest that there is one long-run stationary relationship between the stock indices and the foreign exchange rates. Four of the Fragile Five (excluding Brazil) show that the stock prices are positively associated with exchange rates. Finally, vector error correction estimates lead to miscellaneous results.