Property institutions and the limits of Coase

AbstractCoase's (1960) contractual single-exchange framework is challenged by Arruñada (2017) as a framework that cannot be used to understand the complex nature of property law and related institutions. Arruñada proposes the sequential exchange model as an alternative framework. Differences between the two approaches are considered and some applications in land and natural resources are used to evaluate his critique. These cases support Arruñada's critique of the simple contracting approach to property, showing that for many natural resources private contracting has not been the solution and that a mix of property institutions govern. Contrary to Arruñada, however, I argue that the limits of the single-exchange framework arise not because of sequential exchange, but because assets (parcels of land) are complex and physically connected.

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Problems of improving conceptual apparatus in the field of protection and use of natural medicinal resources, medical and recreational areas and resorts

Actual Problems of Russian Law ◽

10.17803/1994-1471.2019.101.4.186-194 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 186-194

Author(s):

N. G. Zhavoronkova ◽

G. V. Vypkhanova

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Legal Status ◽

Legal Regulation ◽

Complex Nature ◽

Economic Relations ◽

Conceptual Apparatus ◽

Provision Of Services ◽

Ecological Relations ◽

Legal Concepts

The paper contains an analysis of theoretical problems associated with the conceptual apparatus in the sanatorium and resort sphere. They are largely due to the complex nature of the legal regulation of relations on the use and protection of natural medicinal resources, medical and recreational areas and resorts by the norms of legislation on public health, civil, urban planning, environmental, land and other branches of legislation. Accordingly, the assessment of legal concepts should cover the sphere of regulation of natural resource relations related to the use of natural resources for therapeutic and recreational purposes; the provision of services, the implementation of sanatorium-resort activities as an integral part of health and socio-economic relations; territorial (spatial) development of resort areas, medical and recreational areas; ecological relations due to the classification of such areas as specially protected. In the study of basic concepts — «health-improving terrain», «resort» — their characteristics such as «curative», «preventive», «wellness» are examined, contradictions in legislation are revealed, the necessity of expanding the criteria that are the basis for imparting with therapeutic natural resources, the corresponding legal status is justified. The necessity of expanding the terms and concepts related to the resort sphere — «resort infrastructure», «resort infrastructure user», «accommodation object», etc. is shown. The authors justify other proposals in the context of recent legislative initiatives in this area.

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Mitigating the Challenges Related to the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Ghana

Journal of Sustainable Development ◽

10.5539/jsd.v12n3p91 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 91

Author(s):

Thomas Prehi Botchway ◽

Ishmael K. Hlovor

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Convention On Biological Diversity ◽

Complex Nature ◽

Multilateral Environmental Agreements ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Civil Society Organisations ◽

Alternative Livelihood ◽

Information Gap

In our world today, the control over and the use of a country’s natural resources (and the biological diversity of which they are a part) usually present a lot of challenges for both policy makers and implementing agencies and institutions. These challenges range from weak institutional capacities and technocratic hurdles to opposition from local communities for whom policies may be meant for. However, if such challenges are effectively mitigated, large prospects usually associated with the sustainable use and management of these natural resources may be realised. In this article, based on intensive interview of experts and critical review of official reports and policy documents, we identify a number of challenges associated the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Ghana and recommend ways of addressing these challenges. The study finds that there is usually a wide knowledge and information gap on issues related to biodiversity in Ghana. Moreover, there is inadequate funding which also leads to the inability to retain relevant experts. In addition, there is the complex nature of implementing multilateral environmental agreements in Ghana and the lack of adequate publicity on the essence of the CBD. Key among the recommendations we make are effectively engaging civil society organisations on issues of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development; the enhancement of Alternative Livelihood Projects (EnALPs); stringent enforcement of punitive and preventive measures and; the implementation of finance-generating biodiversity services.

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Designing public agencies for 21st century water–energy–food nexus complexity: The case of Natural Resources Wales

Public Policy and Administration ◽

10.1177/0952076720921444 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 095207672092144 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nick A Kirsop-Taylor ◽

Adam P Hejnowicz

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Public Administration ◽

21St Century ◽

Natural Environment ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

Complex Nature ◽

Public Agencies ◽

Public Agency ◽

The Public ◽

Environment Agency

Public environmental organisations face a Herculean task: to be responsive to public and executive expectations for decentralisation, integration, increasing accountabilities and efficiency savings plus, contemporaneously, managing increasingly complex nature–society systems as exemplified by the water–energy–food nexus. The public-agency innovation literatures and contingency theory offer partial explanations for this challenge. However, this article, which sits at the intersection of public administration and organisational theory, proposes a new analytical framework for framing public-agency responses to nexus complexity. It first outlines the framework and then tests it on the case of Natural Resources Wales, the Welsh national natural environment agency. This case identifies six distinct innovations that have adopted to meet complex nexus pressures. This leads us to characterise the case as an example of a multi-scalar, hybrid, adhocratic organisation designed to meet nexus challenges. These findings have wider impact for the international community of public agencies with socio-environmental remits facing similar nexus pressures and challenges in the 21st century.

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Property management dominants for recreational natural resources

Economics ecology socium ◽

10.31520/2616-7107/2018.2.4-8 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 77-90

Author(s):

Borys Burkynskyi ◽

Antonina Martienko ◽

Nina Khumarova ◽

Aleksander Prokopiuk

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Natural Capital ◽

The State ◽

Environmental Taxes ◽

Complex Nature ◽

Manufacturing Cost ◽

Property Management ◽

State Budget ◽

State Management ◽

Recreational Resources

Introduction. The natural resources national ownership, which basis the formation of state and other forms of ownership, has a complex nature, sometimes its interests do not reflect the interests of every member of society, especially this applies to the system of appropriation in the nature use management. The analysis of various aspects of state property management for natural resources is due to the necessity of its development as a complex, integrated process involving the expansion of horizontal and vertical interactions and relationships. Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to determine the vectors for improving the system of state management by appropriating natural recreational resources for their effective disposal, alternatives to use, and, also receiving and distributing the proceeds of its ownership. In accordance with the article aim, were set the following tasks: to investigate the trends of rent payments and environmental taxes revenues to the state budget; to analyze revenues to the state budget from the use of natural recreational resources, for example, forest and water polyfunctional resources; to provide suggestions, how to improve the property state management of natural recreational resources. Results. Analyze of positive and negative tendencies towards effective state management, based on the experience of managing property ownership on natural recreational resources in different countries of the world, are identified. The essence of appropriation of natural recreational resources as an economic-ecological category is determined, and includes appropriation of income from natural resources and losses for irrational use of them. The budgetary revenues from the use of natural production factors are analyzed and their insignificant part of the product manufacturing cost in the areas of activity (forest and water management) is determined, where the basis of the produced goods and services are natural resources. The horizontal management functions dissipation of the same natural recreational resources between different ministries and agencies is identified. Priorities recommendations on the improvement of state natural recreational resources property management are given (inter alia, regulatory framework, forecasting and planning, organization, accounting and control). Conclusions. The analysis of rent payments for the natural resources use and environmental taxes shows that almost the free assignment of income from the use of natural capital to economic entities. Thus, summing up the research it can be concluded that the state policy regarding the use of natural recreational capital should be based on ecosystem and polyfunctional approaches, and the most effective directions for its use in various sectors of the national economy and forms of ownership should be determined by the state.

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Three-Dimensional reconstruction of isolated centrosomes by automated electron tomography

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100169286 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 310-311

Author(s):

M.B. Braunfeld ◽

M. Moritz ◽

B.M. Alberts ◽

J.W. Sedat ◽

D.A. Agard

Keyword(s):

Electron Tomography ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Vital Role ◽

Complex Nature ◽

Animal Cells ◽

Microtubule Organizing Center ◽

Nucleation Sites ◽

Dimensional Reconstruction ◽

Organizing Center ◽

Resolution Model

In animal cells, the centrosome functions as the primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC). As such the centrosome plays a vital role in determining a cell's shape, migration, and perhaps most importantly, its division. Despite the obvious importance of this organelle little is known about centrosomal regulation, duplication, or how it nucleates microtubules. Furthermore, no high resolution model for centrosomal structure exists.We have used automated electron tomography, and reconstruction techniques in an attempt to better understand the complex nature of the centrosome. Additionally we hope to identify nucleation sites for microtubule growth.Centrosomes were isolated from early Drosophila embryos. Briefly, after large organelles and debris from homogenized embryos were pelleted, the resulting supernatant was separated on a sucrose velocity gradient. Fractions were collected and assayed for centrosome-mediated microtubule -nucleating activity by incubating with fluorescently-labeled tubulin subunits. The resulting microtubule asters were then spun onto coverslips and viewed by fluorescence microscopy.

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