Individual differences in sociability and their consequences for foraging behaviour in sheep

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 129-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Sibbald ◽  
D.J.F. Smith ◽  
R.J. Hooper
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Nearest Neighbours ◽  
Grazing Sheep

The spatial distribution of grazing sheep is influenced by the distribution of vegetation and by social behaviour. Where there are conflicts between grazing preferred vegetation and maintaining normal inter-individual distances, animals may have to make trade-offs based on the relative strengths of their motivation to feed or to be social. Social motivation, or sociability, has been assessed in chickens by measuring the rate at which isolated individuals move towards their companions (Suarez and Gallup, 1983) and in sheep by studying nearest neighbours (Sibbald et al, 1998). The aim of this experiment was to test whether individual differences in sociability affect the foraging behaviour of sheep, when animals have to choose between grazing or remaining close to their companions.

Methods for assessing sociability of dairy cows

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 38-38
Author(s):  
J. Gibbons ◽  
A. B. Lawrence ◽  
M. Haskell
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Welfare Assessment ◽  
Suitable Test ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Social Companionship ◽  
Reliable Methods

Sociability refers to the extent to which animals seek social companionship. Individual differences in social behaviour exist between animals. It is important to measure individual social motivation in order to develop suitable temperament scores that can be used in future breeding programmes or as part of welfare assessment schemes. Runway tests have been shown as reliable methods of measuring sociability in animals (Birds Mills & Faure, 1991; Sheep Sibbald et al., 2005). The aim was to develop a suitable test that could be used to measure sociability of cows in a commercial situation. The following questions were addressed i) How repeatable is the runway test when carried out on dairy cattle, ii) Does a cow’s performance in a runway test correlate with social behaviour within a group house setting?

scholarly journals Effort shapes social cognition and behaviour: a neuro-cognitive framework

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Sebastian Contreras-Huerta ◽  
M. Andrea Pisauro ◽  
Matthew A J Apps
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Capacity Limits ◽  
Cognitive Framework ◽  
Social Behaviours

Theoretical accounts typically posit that variability in social behaviour is a function of capacity limits. We argue that many social behaviours are goal-directed and effortful, and thus variability is not just a function of capacity, but also motivation. Leveraging recent work examining the cognitive, computational and neural basis of effort processing, we put forward a framework for motivated social cognition. We argue that social cognition is demanding, people avoid its effort costs, and a core-circuit of brain areas that guides effort-based decisions in non-social situations may similarly evaluate whether social behaviours are worth the effort. Thus, effort sensitivity dissociates capacity limits from social motivation, and may be a driver of individual differences and pathological impairments in social cognition.

Individual differences, social attention, and the history of the social motivation hypotheses of autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Mundy
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Social Emotional Development ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of discards in mixed fisheries: species trade-offs, potential spatial avoidance and national contrasts

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 917-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Robert ◽  
Julia Calderwood ◽  
Zachary Radford ◽  
Tom Catchpole ◽  
David G. Reid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Trade Offs

Interest as the Missing Motivator in Self-Regulation

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Sansone ◽  
Dustin B. Thoman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Goal Pursuit ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Goal Striving ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Performance

Abstract. Typically, models of self-regulation include motivation in terms of goals. Motivation is proposed to fluctuate according to how much individuals value goals and expect to attain them. Missing from these models is the motivation that arises from the process of goal-pursuit. We suggest that an important aspect of self-regulation is monitoring and regulating our motivation, not just our progress toward goals. Although we can regulate motivation by enhancing the value or expectancy of attaining the outcome, we suggest that regulating the interest experience can be just as, if not more, powerful. We first present our model, which integrates self-regulation of interest within the goal-striving process. We then briefly review existing evidence, distinguishing between two broad classes of potential interest-enhancing strategies: intrapersonal and interpersonal. For each class of strategies we note what is known about developmental and individual differences in whether and how these kinds of strategies are used. We also discuss implications, including the potential trade-offs between regulating interest and performance, and how recognizing the role of the interest experience may shed new light on earlier research in domains such as close relationships, psychiatric disorders, and females' choice to drop out of math and science.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Changes in Social Habits. Restaurant Terraces, a Booming Space in Cities. The Case of Madrid

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 2133
Author(s):  
Virgilio Pérez ◽  
Cristina Aybar ◽  
Jose M. Pavía
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
The Social ◽  
Hospitality Sector ◽  
Social Habits ◽  
The City

The COVID-19 pandemic and the fear experienced by some of the population, along with the lack of mobility due to the restrictions imposed, has modified the social behaviour of Spaniards. This has had a significant effect on the hospitality sector, viewed as being an economic and social driver in Spain. From the analysis of data collected in two of our own non-probabilistic surveys (N ~ 8400 and N ~ 2000), we show how, during the first six months of the pandemic, Spaniards notably reduced their consumption in bars and restaurants, also preferring outdoor spaces to spaces inside. The restaurant sector has needed to adapt to this situation and, with the support of the authorities (regional and local governments), new terraces have been allowed on pavements and public parking spaces, modifying the appearance of the streets of main towns and cities. This study, focused on the city of Madrid, analyses the singular causes that have prompted this significant impact on this particular city, albeit with an uneven spatial distribution. It seems likely that the new measures will leave their mark and some of the changes will remain. The positive response to these changes from the residents of Madrid has ensured the issue is being widely debated in the public arena.

Dimensions, Determinants, and Development of Prosocial Behaviour

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-70
Author(s):  
Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg ◽  
Marinus H. van IJzendoorn
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Theory Of Evolution

Though the theory of evolution suggests we should not be surprised that humans are generally disposed to behave prosocially, pinning down why this disposition is differentially distributed across human individuals, and how the disposition develops, is a complex task, and the more so because what counts as prosocial behaviour is itself internally various and so may have various developmental histories. Explanations from genetics, neuroscience, parenting/attachment, and concurrent environmental factors (including deliberate ‘nudges’) are surveyed and compared, and the genetic differential susceptibility theory is speculatively advanced to explain individual differences in openness to the environment, both for better and for worse social behaviour.

scholarly journals Development of the Stanford Social Dimensions Scale: initial validation in autism spectrum disorder and in neurotypicals

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Phillips ◽  
Mirko Uljarević ◽  
Rachel K. Schuck ◽  
Salena Schapp ◽  
Elizabeth M. Solomon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Initial Validation

Abstract Background The aim of this paper was to provide an initial validation of a newly developed parent questionnaire—the Stanford Social Dimensions Scale (SSDS), designed to capture individual differences across several key social dimensions including social motivation in children and adolescents with and without psychiatric disorders. Methods The initial validation sample was comprised of parents of 175 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (35 females, 140 males; Mage = 7.19 years, SDage = 3.96) and the replication sample consisted of 624 parents of children who were either typically developing or presented with a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders (302 females, 322 males; Mage = 11.49 years, SDage = 4.48). Parents from both samples completed the SSDS and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2). Results Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling indicated that a 5-factor model provided adequate to excellent fit to the data in the initial ASD sample (comparative fit index [CFI] = .940, Tucker-Lewis Index [TLI] = .919, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = .048, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = .038). The identified factors were interpreted as Social Motivation, Social Affiliation, Expressive Social Communication, Social Recognition, and Unusual Approach. This factor structure was further confirmed in Sample 2 (CFI = 946, TLI = .930, RMSEA = .044, SRMR = .026). Internal consistency for all subscales was in the good to excellent range across both samples as indicated by Composite Reliability scores of ≥ .72. Convergent and divergent validity was strong as indexed by the pattern of correlations with relevant SRS-2 and Child Behavior Checklist domains and with verbal and non-verbal intellectual functioning scores in Sample 1 and with the Need to Belong Scale and Child Social Preference Scale scores in Sample 2. Across both samples, females had higher social motivation and expressive social communication scores. Discriminant validity was strong given that across all SSDS subscales, the ASD sample had significantly higher impairment than both the typically developing group and the group with other clinical conditions, which in turn, had significantly higher impairment than the typically developing group. Conclusions Our findings provide initial validation of a new scale designed to comprehensively capture individual differences in social motivation and other key social dimensions in ASD.

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