Detection of Outlier Observations in Piezometric Measurements: A Case Study in the Southern Region of Poland

One of the main modes of monitoring the geotechnical conditions of earth dams is piezometric measurement, which measures water levels in an open piezometer or water pressure in a closed piezometer. During piezometric measurements, various types of factors can cause disturbances in these measurements that take the form of systematic, accidental, or obvious mistakes. Before measurements from open or closed piezometers are analyzed, outliers due to coarse errors should be detected and rejected. Such observations may significantly influence the result of the analysis and cause erroneous assessment and interpretation of the phenomenon studied. To do this, statistical tests must be applied so that the doubtful measurement can be accepted or rejected at the assumed significance level. This paper uses five statistical tests for identifying and rejecting outliers: the Q-Dixon test, the Grubbs test, as well as the Hampel test, the Iglewicz and Hoaglin test, and the Rosner test. The aim of this article is to try to identify the most suitable test for periodic piezometric measurements. The scope of the study includes the analysis of piezometric measurements for the Czaniec Dam for the multi-year period 2017–2020.

Bioaccumulation assessment of nanomaterials using freshwater invertebrate species

Background The high production volume of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) may lead to high pressure on the environment, and a scientific assessment of ENMs that bioaccumulate in organisms and biomagnify in the food web is necessary. Within the regulation of chemicals in several jurisdictions, such as the European regulation REACH, the bioconcentration factor is the standard endpoint. The bioconcentration factor is mostly determined by flow-through fish tests. However, nanomaterials tend to agglomerate, which may lead to sedimentation in aquatic environments. The bioavailability of the tested nanomaterials may be thus impaired for pelagic species, including fish, in comparison to benthic or filtrating species. Several risk assessment regulations allow the usage of data gained during tests using invertebrates and such data may allow a waiver of further tests using vertebrates. The aim of this study was to elucidate the potential of different freshwater invertebrate species to be used in laboratory bioaccumulation studies on ENMs and to give some guidance for the use of bioaccumulation endpoints derived from studies using aquatic invertebrate species in the risk assessment process for ENMs. Results The existing literature related to the testing of nanomaterial bioaccumulation with freshwater invertebrates was screened and reviewed to find suitable test species with regard to their ecology and physiology, as well as laboratory test systems allowing to investigate the bioavailability/bioaccumulation of nanomaterials with the respective species. Bivalvia, gastropoda, isopoda, amphipoda, and branchiopoda were reviewed and their suitability for bioaccumulation testing was assessed. Amphipods and bivalves represent worst-case scenarios and show clear advantages to be used as test organisms. However, only amphipods allow the examination of two clearly independent exposure pathways (water and diet). Conclusion Amphipods are suitable test organisms for bioaccumulation testing of ENMs. The results from amphipod bioconcentration and biomagnification tests can be included in a tiered assessment suggested at the end of this study allowing a clear grading of the tested nanomaterials as “bioaccumulative” or “non bioaccumulative.” Due to the worst-case scenario of the amphipod test, this approach may allow a waiver of further vertebrate tests.

Specification of New Test Waveforms for Static Electricity Meters

Recent observations of significant errors in static electricity meter readings have created a need for specification of new standard immunity test waveforms. This paper provides an overview of ongoing signal analysis work towards parsimonious specification of suitable test waveforms including candidate methods for signal representation, feature extraction and feature selection.

Specification of New Test Waveforms for Static Electricity Meters

Recent observations of significant errors in static electricity meter readings have created a need for specification of new standard immunity test waveforms. This paper provides an overview of ongoing signal analysis work towards parsimonious specification of suitable test waveforms including candidate methods for signal representation, feature extraction and feature selection.

Different Possibilities of Biomechanical Analysis in Dance

This chapter aims to present different assessment methods in biomechanics applied to the dance field. The chapter begins by clarifying some biomechanical concepts to enhance understanding. Thus, the advantages and disadvantages of tests such as dynamic, kinematic, electromyographic, and inverse dynamic analysis will be discussed to provide information to dance professionals use in the field. At the end of the chapter, professionals who work with dancers may choose the most suitable test for the desired evaluation of their students and the equipment that can better fit into the dance school/studio infrastructure and budget.

Mathematics Model on Syariah Share Pricing in ISSI

The ability to read, analyze data, and execute the Syariah economic market agents' decision becomes possible to happen. This research aims to help agents and those how to read the data, analyze, and model the data by providing perspectives regarding the stock pricing in the future. The research method being employed as Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), which has steps of data plotting transforming, estimating the model, and forecasting. The results of this research found that ARIMA (1,1,0) is the best model of Syariah stock pricing on Indonesian Syariah Stock Indexing (ISSI). The test of model reliability employs RMSE, AIC, BIC/SBC, which is resulted in a fair, competitive suitable test to the employed model.Keywords: ARIMA, Mathematical Model, Forecasting, Stock

Colour vision standards: Past, present, and future

Historically, signal lights (red-green-amber) were used in shipping, rail, and road transportation. This colour schema continued in the aviation industry too. However, automation has taken over aviation sector with electronic maps and colour-coded multifunction displays. Despite sweeping changes seen in the use of colour coding in aviation, there is little change in colour vision standards and in the way colour vision testing is done for the aircrew, military and civil. The changing needs of aviation dictate that renewing the standards is necessary. Furthermore, the new standards will dictate aircraft design, and hence, it is mandatory that they remain current for the next 50 years or so. It becomes necessary to understand the role colour vision plays in the modern cockpit and suggest the colour vision standards accordingly. In the same breath, it is important to understand the evolution of colour vision testing and colour theories, so as to develop or adopt a more suitable test for the changing aviation scenario.