Kinetic Modeling of scCO2-Assisted Levulinic Acid Esterification with Ethanol Using Amberlyst-15 as a Catalyst in a Batch Reactor

The oleic acid solubility in methanol is low due to two phase separation, and this causes a slow reaction time in biodiesel production. Tetrahydrofuran as co-solvent can decrease the interfacial surface tension between methanol and oleic acid. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of co-solvent, methanol to oleic acid molar ratio, catalyst amount, and temperature of the reaction to the free fatty acid conversion. Oleic acid esterification was conducted by mixing oleic acid, methanol, tetrahydrofuran and Amberlyst 15 as a solid acid catalyst in a batch reactor. The Amberlyst 15 used had an exchange capacity of 2.57 meq/g. Significant free fatty acid conversion increments occur on biodiesel production using co-solvent compared without co-solvent. The highest free fatty acid conversion was obtained over methanol to the oleic acid molar ratio of 25:1, catalyst use of 10%, the co-solvent concentration of 8%, and a reaction temperature of 60°C. The highest FFA conversion was found at 28.6 %, and the steady state was reached after 60 minutes. In addition, the use of Amberlyst 15 oleic acid esterification shows an excellent performance as a solid acid catalyst. Catalytic activity was maintained after 4 times repeated use and reduced slightly in the fifth use.

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THE SYNTHESIS OF GLYCEROL CARBONATE FROM BIODIESEL BY PRODUCT GLYCEROL AND UREA OVER AMBERLYST 15

Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan ◽

10.15294/jbat.v6i2.8904 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 143-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Reviana Inda Dwi Suyatmo ◽

Hary Sulistyo ◽

Wahyudi Budi Sediawan

Keyword(s):

Batch Reactor ◽

Value Added ◽

Equimolar Amount ◽

Glycerol Carbonate ◽

Glycerol Conversion ◽

Renewable Fuel ◽

Amberlyst 15 ◽

High Boiling Point ◽

Low Toxicity ◽

Catalyst Load

The growing utilization of biodiesel as a renewable fuel has generated a large surplus of glycerol as a major byproduct. The prices of glycerol continue to drop in such an oversaturated market. Therefore, new uses are being developed for glycerol to produce value-added chemicals. Among those chemicals, glycerol carbonate has many application in various fields. Glycerol carbonate is mostly used as a solvent in cosmetic and pharmacheutical industries due to its low toxicity, high boiling point, and low vapor pressure. The synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea using Amberlyst15 as a catalyst was being conducted in this study. The reaction was carried out using a batch reactor for 5 hours with the condition of the reaction temperature was around 120oC, mole ratios of reactant of urea:glycerol were 0.8:1, 0.9:1, 1:1, and 1.2:1 , catalyst concentrations were 2%, 2,5%, 3%, and 4%, and mixing speeds were 370 rpm, 525 rpm, and 700 rpm. It is found that the optimum conversion of glycerol was obtained at 120oC with 5 hours of reaction using an equimolar amount of glycerol and urea with catalyst load of 3%. Mixing speed did not affect glycerol conversion. Amberlyst15 as catalyst was also stable enough to be reused at least for three times.

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Kinetic Modeling of the Hydrolysis of Acetic Anhydride at Higher Temperatures using Adiabatic Batch Reactor (Thermos-Flask)

Journal of Chemical Engineering & Process Technology ◽

10.4172/2157-7048.1000176 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 04 (09) ◽

Author(s):

Hildebrandt D Glasser D

Keyword(s):

Acetic Anhydride ◽

Kinetic Modeling ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Thermos Flask ◽

Hydrolysis Of

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Heterogeneous catalytic reaction of glycerol with acetone for solketal production

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201926807004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 268 ◽

pp. 07004

Author(s):

Hary Sulistyo ◽

Indri Hapsari ◽

Budhijanto ◽

Wahyudi Budi Sediawan ◽

Suprihastuti Sri Rahayu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Fuel Additive ◽

Proper Treatment ◽

Heterogeneous Catalytic Reaction ◽

Glycerol Conversion ◽

Amberlyst 15 ◽

Heterogeneous Catalytic ◽

Catalyst Load

The rapid growth of biodiesel industries has also increased the production of glycerol as side product. Without proper treatment, glycerol may cause serious problem for the environment. Glycerol can be reacted with acetone to produce solketal as a fuel additive. The aim of this research was to study the glycerol ketalization with acetone using Amberlyst-15 as catalyst. Experiments were undertaken in a batch reactor. A set of experiment was conducted at varying temperature (35 to 60oC), initial mole ratio of acetone to glycerol (2 – 6) and catalyst loading (1,3,5 and 7% w/w). Sample was analyzed every 30 minutes. The results showed that optimal condition was achieved at temperature of 60 °C, initial mole ratio of acetone to glycerol of 3, and the catalyst load of 3%. The highest glycerol conversion achieved was 87.41 % at 60oC for 3 hours reaction. The Pseudo Steady State Hypothesis (PSSH) has been developed as rnet =k4.CG.CAC/1+k5.CG. Parameter estimation of k4 and k5 were evaluated from experimental data at various temperatures. It appears that the model predicted the experimental data well at high conversion (above 80 min) and showed relatively poor prediction below 80 min.

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Synthesis of hierarchical ZSM-12 nanolayers for levulinic acid esterification with ethanol to ethyl levulinate

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c9ra03213d ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (32) ◽

pp. 18087-18097 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Pannida Dugkhuntod ◽

Thidarat Imyen ◽

Wannaruedee Wannapakdee ◽

Thittaya Yutthalekha ◽

Saros Salakhum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Levulinic Acid ◽

Efficient Catalyst ◽

Ethyl Levulinate ◽

Acid Esterification

Hierarchical ZSM-12 nanolayers were successfully synthesized via a dual template approach as an efficient catalyst for levulinic acid esterification.

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OPTIMIZATION STUDIES OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH LIQUEFACTION FOR CARBON CRYOGEL PRODUCTION AS CATALYST IN LEVULINIC ACID ESTERIFICATION

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v80.10501 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 80 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Muzakkir Mohammad Zainol ◽

Nor Aishah Saidina Amin ◽

Mohd Asmadi

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Levulinic Acid ◽

Condensation Reaction ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Carbon Cryogel ◽

Predicted Values ◽

Poly Condensation ◽

Acid Esterification

Liquefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride was investigated in this study. The experiments were designed based on central composite by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions for the predicted liquefied EFB yield of 80.97 wt% was obtained at the temperature of 151.9 °C, a reaction time of 112.78 min and a ratio (Ionic liquid to EFB) of 4.27. The Regression coefficient (R2) for the model was 0.90 indicating a high correlation between observed and predicted values. The liquefied EFB mixture was used in the preparation of carbon cryogel via a sol-gel poly-condensation reaction and calcination process. The presence of sulfuric acid during the gel synthesis promoted an active site on the gel linkage and surface. The carbon cryogel prepared was tested as catalyst in an esterification reaction. The conversion of levulinic acid and yield of ethyl levulinate were reported as 58.7% ansd 57.2 mol%, respectively.

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