OPTIMIZATION STUDIES OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH LIQUEFACTION FOR CARBON CRYOGEL PRODUCTION AS CATALYST IN LEVULINIC ACID ESTERIFICATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzakkir Mohammad Zainol ◽  
Nor Aishah Saidina Amin ◽  
Mohd Asmadi
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Carbon Cryogel ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Poly Condensation ◽  
Acid Esterification

Liquefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride was investigated in this study. The experiments were designed based on central composite by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions for the predicted liquefied EFB yield of 80.97 wt% was obtained at the temperature of 151.9 °C, a reaction time of 112.78 min and a ratio (Ionic liquid to EFB) of 4.27. The Regression coefficient (R2) for the model was 0.90 indicating a high correlation between observed and predicted values. The liquefied EFB mixture was used in the preparation of carbon cryogel via a sol-gel poly-condensation reaction and calcination process. The presence of sulfuric acid during the gel synthesis promoted an active site on the gel linkage and surface. The carbon cryogel prepared was tested as catalyst in an esterification reaction. The conversion of levulinic acid and yield of ethyl levulinate were reported as 58.7% ansd 57.2 mol%, respectively.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Magnetic Catalyst Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Esterification of Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽  
Fei-Ling Pua ◽  
Ee-Sann Tan
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Magnetic Catalyst ◽  
Rsm Optimization

Biomass, renewable, abundantly available and a good source of energy. The conversion of biomass waste into valuable products has received wide attention. In this study, an empty fruit bunch (oil palm EFB) supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction was successfully prepared via the one-step impregnation process. The new magnetic catalyst achieved a higher surface area of 188.87 m2/g with a total acidity of 2.4 mmol/g and identified iron oxide as g-Fe2O3. The magnetization value of 24.97 emu/g demonstrated that the superparamagnetic catalyst could be easily recovered and separated after the reaction using an external magnet. The catalytic performance of oil palm EFB supported magnetic acid catalyst was examined by esterification of oleic acid. Esterification process parameters were optimized via Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimization tool with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The following optimum parameters were determined: an amount of 9 wt% catalyst, molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid of 12:1, reaction time of 2 h and reaction temperature of 60 °C with a maximum conversion of 94.91% was achieved. The catalyst can be recycled up to five cycles with minimal loss in its activity. The oil palm waste-based magnetic acid catalyst indicates its potential replacement to the existing solid catalysts that are economical and environmentally friendly for the esterification process in biofuel applications. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

A Novel Approach for Bone Scaffold from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch-Cellulose Phosphate / Glass Material

2013 ◽  
Vol 748 ◽  
pp. 180-183
Author(s):  
Eliza M. Yusup ◽  
Shahruddin Mahzan ◽  
Baharuddin Mohammad ◽  
Wan Rosli Wan Daud
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Glass Material ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Biomedical Material ◽  
Cellulose Phosphate ◽  
Novel Approach

Current trend has demonstrated the implementation of natural polymers as alternative materials in various engineering applications including biomaterials and biomedical applications. This paper reviews the potential of Cellulose Phosphate derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB-CP) as a biomedical material. OPEFB-CP will act as reinforcement to glass materials in fabricating good and flexible scaffold composite materials. A 3-dimensional scaffold composite material comprised of the cellulose phosphate and glass material was produced by using a sol-gel technique. The composite biomaterial is expected to have degraded together as one material.

Esterification of Levulinic Acid to Ethyl Levulinate Using Liquefied Oil Palm Frond-Based Carbon Cryogel Catalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzakkir Mohammad Zainol ◽  
Nor Aishah Saidina Amin ◽  
Mohd Asmadi ◽  
Nur Aainaa Syahirah Ramli
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Ethyl Levulinate ◽  
Oil Palm Frond ◽  
Carbon Cryogel ◽  
Palm Frond

scholarly journals Esterification of levulinic acid via catalytic and photocatalytic processes using fluorinated titanium dioxide materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Patricia Castañeda Martínez ◽  
José Jobanny Martínez Zambrano ◽  
Andrés Camilo Mesa
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Fluoride Anion ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Catalytic Activation ◽  
Photocatalytic Processes

This study evaluated the synthesis, characterization, and activity of fluorinated titanium dioxide materials (TiO2-F 1% and TiO2-F 5%) in-situ modified by the sol-gel method in the esterification reaction of levulinic acid conducted by catalytic and photocatalytic processes. The physicochemical properties of the materials were determined by X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and pyridine adsorption. It was found that the inclusion of fluoride anion causes a decrease in the levulinic acid conversion by photocatalytic reaction; however, in the catalytic activation, a slight increase in the conversion using the fluoride materials was observed. Finally, the reaction in the presence of halogenated solvents (CCl4) by photolysis reaction favors a conversion of 100% in 1h.

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