Abstract
This study reports the removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water using various photocatalytic and photochemical processes. PFAS were chosen, based on chain lengths, functional groups, and structural properties: 4 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 3 perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer (GenX), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), and investigated dependency of the photocatalytic decomposition of PFAS on their properties. Oxidants and reductants were introduced to study the photochemical decomposition of PFAS, and reactive species and reaction byproducts were identified to elucidate the decomposition mechanism of PFAS. Some notable findings include long chain PFCAs (95% in 48 h) and 6:2 FTS (100%) were removed via chemical decomposition in TiO2/UVC while GenX (37%), long chain PFSAs (60%), short chain PFSAs (0–10%) and short chain PFCAs (5–18%) were removed via physical adsorption. Sulfate radicals generated with persulfate (PS) played an important role in decomposing PFCAs (60–90%). Sulfite activated by UVC worked for defluorination of PFOA (75%) and PFOS (80%). PFOA was removed faster by UVC/sulfite > UVC/TiO2/sulfite ≈ UVC/TiO2/PS ≥ UVC/PS > UVC/TiO2 while PFOS was removed faster by UVC/sulfite ≫ UVC/TiO2/sulfite ≈ UVC/TiO2/PS ≈ UVC/TiO2 ≫ UVC/PS. Susceptibility of PFAS to the chemical reactions could be explained with their properties and the reactive species produced in each system.
Probing the Differential Tissue Distribution and Bioaccumulation Behavior of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances of Varying Chain-Lengths, Isomeric Structures and Functional Groups in Crucian Carp
