Integrins are heterodimeric cell membrane receptors that regulate cell adhesion, migration, and survival. The kindlins are known to be key regulators of integrin activation, the transition from a low affinity, default state to a high affinity state for ligand. This function depends on their binding, together with talin, to the cytoplasmic tails (CT) of the β subunit of integrins. Kindlins are FERM domain containing proteins, and it is its F3 (PTB) subdomain of the FERM that is the primary binding site for integrin β CT. At its very C-terminus, beyond the F3, is a short extension of 21 amino acids, K2 660-680, and we have focused on the role of this region in the co-activator function of kindlin-2 (K2). For this analysis, we performed PAC-1 (antibody to detect activated αIIbβ3 integrin) binding assays in CHO cells stably expressing integrin α
IIb
β
3
that were transiently transfected with talin head domain and K2 mutants. Expression levels of all proteins were verified to be similar by western blotting and FACS. Truncation of K2 at residue 660 essentially eliminated the co-activator function of K2. Deletion of smaller segments also reduced co-activator activity by 50% to 100%. Deletion of just the last two amino acids in the sequence, W
679
V
680
, resulted in a 50% reduction in co-activator activity and a single point mutation of Y
673
A also led to a 50% loss of function. A combination mutant consisting of the W
679
V
680
deletion and the Y
673
point mutation resulted in 100% loss of kindlin-2 co-activator activity. Pull-down experiments performed using GST tagged β
3
CT and CHO lysates transfected with GFP-kindlin-2 forms suggested that the C-terminal deletion did not disrupt binding to β
3
CT. This observation was corroborated by surface plasmon resonance studies in which the binding of full-length K2 and K2Δ666C (Δ666) was compared, and their K
D
values for immobilized β3 CT were found to be essentially the same. Overall, these data establish an important and unanticipated role of the carboxy-terminal region of kindlin-2 in its integrin co-activator function that is not dependent of its binding to integrin.
The Role of Chemically Modified DNA in Discrimination of Single-Point Mutation through Plasmon-Based Colorimetric Assays
