The Impacts of Electricity Dispatch Protocols on the Emission Reductions Due to Wind Power and Carbon Tax

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 2568-2576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yu ◽  
Ram Rajagopal
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Dispatch Protocols

scholarly journals Techno-Economic Assessment of Demand-Driven Small-Scale Green Hydrogen Production for Low Carbon Agriculture in Sweden

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Janke ◽  
Shane McDonagh ◽  
Sören Weinrich ◽  
Daniel Nilsson ◽  
Per-Anders Hansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Specific Investment ◽  
Fuel Demand

Wind power coupled to hydrogen (H2) production is an interesting strategy to reduce power curtailment and to provide clean fuel for decarbonizing agricultural activities. However, such implementation is challenging for several reasons, including uncertainties in wind power availability, seasonalities in agricultural fuel demand, capital-intensive gas storage systems, and high specific investment costs of small-scale electrolysers. To investigate whether on-site H2 production could be a feasible alternative to conventional diesel farming, a model was built for dynamic simulations of H2 production from wind power driven by the fuel demand of a cereal farm located on the island of Gotland, Sweden. Different cases and technological scenarios were considered to assess the effects of future developments, H2 end-use, as well as production scale on the levelised- and farmers’ equivalent annual costs. In a single-farm application, H2 production costs varied between 21.20–14.82 €/kg. By sharing a power-to-H2 facility among four different farms of 300-ha each, the specific investment costs could be significantly decreased, resulting in 28% lower H2 production costs than when facilities are not shared. By including delivery vans as additional H2 consumers in each farm, costs of H2 production decreased by 35% due to the higher production scale and more distributed demand. However, in all cases and technological scenarios assessed, projected diesel price in retailers was cheaper than H2. Nevertheless, revenues from leasing the land to wind power developers could make H2 a more attractive option even in single-farm applications as early as 2020. Without such revenues, H2 is more competitive than diesel where power-to-H2 plants are shared by at least two farms, if technological developments predicted for 2030 come true. Also, out of 20 different cases assessed, nine of them showed a carbon abatement cost lower than the current carbon tax in Sweden of 110 €/tCO2, which demonstrate the potential of power-to-H2 as an effective strategy to decarbonize agricultural systems.

scholarly journals Recycling Carbon Tax under Different Energy Efficiency Improvements: A CGE Analysis of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4804
Author(s):  
Weijiang Liu ◽  
Tingting Liu ◽  
Yangyang Li ◽  
Min Liu
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Energy Transfer Efficiency ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Transfer Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Emission Reductions

Carbon emission reductions and sustainable development have become hot issues in international conferences. As the most direct instrument for carbon emission reductions, the carbon tax has not been favored by policymakers because of its negative effect on the economy. To achieve low-carbon sustainable development, we use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate carbon tax recycling under different energy transfer efficiency improvements to achieve triple dividends of carbon emission reductions and social welfare improvement. This paper contributes to the literature on recycling carbon tax for triple dividends in China. The simulation has three main findings: (i) the carbon tax revenue recycling toward reducing the resident income tax rate yields triple dividends without any energy transfer efficiency improvement; (ii) the losses of GDP and social welfare are exaggerated. Meanwhile, the carbon tax brings down carbon emissions and total carbon intensity of GDP with a mild impact on the Chinese economy; (iii) the improvement of energy transfer efficiency demonstrates the advantages of recycling carbon tax and is essential for achieving triple dividends. Thus, we propose the following policy recommendations: (i) the pilot carbon tax mechanism should be launched in high-carbon sectors (such as coal) and then implemented in other industries gradually; (ii) the government should strongly support the technological improvement of energy transfer efficiency in order to achieve sustainable development.

Impacts of carbon tax and tradable permits on wind power investment in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 1386-1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Zhao ◽  
Jin Yao ◽  
Chuyu Sun ◽  
Wengeng Pan
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Tradable Permits ◽  
Investment In China

Enacting a Carbon Tax: How Do We Get There?

2019 ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Gilbert E. Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Over Time

The final chapter lays out a policy framework for building political support to enact a carbon tax. The framework can focus policymakers on the task at hand and instill discipline in the legislative process. The carbon tax should be revenue neutral, contribute to fairness in the tax system, streamline climate policy, and lead to significant emission reductions over time. The chapter goes on to explain why those are key elements of a policy framework through which bipartisan support for a carbon tax could be possible.

Optimizing the Design and Deployment of Stationary Combined Heat and Power Fuel Cell Systems for Minimum Costs and Emissions—Part II: Model Results

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney G. Colella ◽  
Stephen H. Schneider ◽  
Daniel M. Kammen ◽  
Aditya Jhunjhunwala ◽  
Nigel Teo
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Sales Revenue ◽  
Load Following ◽  
The Town ◽  
Strategy I

The maximizing emission reductions and economic savings simulator (MERESS) is an optimization tool that evaluates novel strategies for installing and operating combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell systems (FCSs) in buildings. This article discusses the deployment of MERESS to show illustrative results for a California campus town and, based on these results, makes recommendations for further installations of FCSs to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. MERESS is used to evaluate one of the most challenging FCS types to use for GHG reductions, the phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) system. These PAFC systems are tested against a base case of a CHP combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT). Model results show that three competing goals (GHG emission reductions, cost savings to building owners, and FCS manufacturer sales revenue) are best achieved with different strategies but that all three goals can be met reasonably with a single approach. According to MERESS, relative to a base case of only a CHP CCGT providing heat and electricity with no FCSs, the town achieves the highest (1) GHG emission reductions, (2) cost savings to building owners, and (3) FCS manufacturer sales revenue each with three different operating strategies, under a scenario of full incentives and a $100/tonne carbon dioxide (CO2) tax (scenario D). The town achieves its maximum CO2 emission reduction, 37% relative to the base case with operating strategy V: stand-alone (SA) operation, no load following (NLF), and a fixed heat-to-power ratio (FHP) (SA, NLF, and FHP; scenario E). The town’s building owners gain the highest cost savings, 25% with strategy I: electrically and thermally networked (NW), electricity power load following (ELF), and a variable heat-to-power ratio (VHP) (NW, ELF, and VHP; scenario D). FCS manufacturers generally have the highest sales revenue with strategy III: NW, NLF with a FHP (NW, NLF, and FHP; scenarios B, C, and D). Strategies III and V are partly consistent with the way that FCS manufacturers design their systems today, primarily as NLF with a FHP. By contrast, strategy I is novel for the fuel cell industry, in particular, in its use of a VHP and thermal networking. Model results further demonstrate that FCS installations can be economical for building owners without any carbon tax or government incentives. Without any carbon tax or state and federal incentives (scenario A), strategy I is marginally economical with 3% energy cost savings but with a 29% reduction in CO2 emissions. Strategy I is the most economical strategy for building owners in all scenarios (scenarios A–D) and, at the same time, reasonably achieves other goals of large GHG emission reductions and high FCS manufacturer sales revenue. Although no particular building type stands out as consistently achieving the highest emission reductions and cost savings (scenarios B-2 and E-2), certain building load curves are clear winners. For example, buildings with load curves similar to Stanford’s Mudd chemistry building (a wet laboratory) achieve maximal cost savings (1.5% with full federal and state incentives but no carbon tax) and maximal CO2 emission reductions (32%) (scenarios B-2 and E-2). Finally, based on these results, this work makes recommendations for reducing GHG further through FCS deployment. (Part I of II articles discusses the motivation and key assumptions behind the MERESS model development.)

Part II of II: Deployment of MERESS Model—Designing, Controlling, and Installing Stationary Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Fuel Cell Systems (FCS) to Reduce Costs and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney G. Colella ◽  
Stephen H. Schneider ◽  
Daniel M. Kammen ◽  
Aditya Jhunjhunwala ◽  
Nigel Teo
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Power Ratio ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Sales Revenue ◽  
Strategy I

The Maximizing Emission Reductions and Economic Savings Simulator (MERESS) is an optimization tool that allows users to evaluate avant-garde strategies for installing and operating combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell systems (FCSs) in buildings. This article discusses the deployment of MERESS to show illustrative results for a California campus town, and, based on these results, makes recommendations for further installations of FCSs to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. MERESS is used to evaluate one of the most challenging FCS types to use for GHG reductions, the Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) system. These PAFC FCSs are tested against a base case of a CHP combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT). Model results show that three competing goals (GHG emission reductions, cost savings to building owners, and FCS manufacturer sales revenue) are best achieved with different strategies, but that all three goals can be met reasonably with a single approach. According to MERESS, relative to a base case of only a CHP CCGT providing heat and electricity with no FCSs, the town achieves the highest 1) GHG emission reductions, 2) cost savings to building owners, and 3) FCS manufacturer sales revenue each with three different operating strategies, under a scenario of full incentives and a $100/tonne carbon dioxide (CO2) tax (Scenario D). The town achieves its maximum CO2 emission reduction, 37% relative to the base case, with operating Strategy V: stand alone operation (SA), no load following (NLF), and a fixed heat-to-power ratio (FHP) [SA, NLF, FHP] (Scenario E). The town’s building owners gain the highest cost savings, 25%, with Strategy I: electrically and thermally networked (NW), electricity power load following (ELF), and a variable heat-to-power ratio (VHP) [NW, ELF, VHP] (Scenario D). FCS manufacturers generally have the highest sales revenue with Strategy III: NW, NLF, with a fixed heat-to-power ratio (FHP) [NW, NLF, FHP] (Scenarios B, C, and D). Strategies III and V are partly consistent with the way that FCS manufacturers design their systems today, primarily as NLF with a FHP. By contrast, Strategy I is avant-garde for the fuel cell industry, in particular, in its use of a VHP and thermal networking. Model results further demonstrate that FCS installations can be economical for building owners without any carbon tax or government incentives. Without any carbon tax or state and federal incentives (Scenario A), Strategy I is marginally economical, with 3% energy cost savings, but with a 29% reduction in CO2 emissions. Strategy I is the most economical strategy for building owners in all scenarios (Scenarios A, B, C, and D) and, at the same time, reasonably achieves other goals of large GHG emission reductions and high FCS manufacturer sales revenue. Although no particular building type stands out as consistently achieving the highest emission reductions and cost savings (Scenarios B-2 and E-2), certain building load curves are clear winners. For example, buildings with load curves similar to Stanford’s Mudd Chemistry building (a wet laboratory) achieve maximal cost savings (1.5% with full federal and state incentives but no carbon tax) and maximal CO2 emission reductions (32%) (Scenarios B-2 and E-2). Finally, based on these results, this work makes recommendations for reducing GHG further through FCS deployment. (Part I of II articles discusses the motivation and key assumptions behind the MERESS model development (Colella 2008).)

Renewable Energy Based Economic Emission Load Dispatch Using Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm

2021 ◽  
pp. 869-890
Author(s):  
Sunanda Hazra ◽  
Tapas Pal ◽  
Provas Kumar Roy
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Grasshopper Optimization

This article presents an integrated approach towards the economical operation of a hybrid system which consists of conventional thermal generators and renewable energy sources like windmills using a grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA). This is based on the social interaction nature of the grasshopper, considering a carbon tax on the emissions from the thermal unit and uncertainty in wind power availability. The Weibull distribution is used for nonlinearity of wind power availability. A standard system, containing six thermal units and two wind farms, is used for testing the dispatch model of three different loads. The GOA results are compared with those obtained using a recently developed quantum-inspired particle swarm optimization (QPSO) optimization technique available in the literature. The simulation results demonstrate the efficacy and ability of GOA over the QPSO algorithm in terms of convergence rate and minimum fitness value. Performance analysis under wind power integration and emission minimization further confirms the supremacy of the GOA algorithm.

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