scholarly journals Soft Antimicrobial Agents:  Synthesis and Activity of Labile Environmentally Friendly Long Chain Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (19) ◽  
pp. 4173-4181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsteinn Thorsteinsson ◽  
Már Másson ◽  
Karl G. Kristinsson ◽  
Martha A. Hjálmarsdóttir ◽  
Hilmar Hilmarsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Long Chain

Titration of long-chain quaternary ammonium compounds using tetraphenylboron

1966 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 355-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Metcalfe ◽  
R. J. Martin ◽  
A. A. Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Long Chain

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Agents for Textiles: Types, Mechanisms and Analysis Standards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ibrahim ◽  
Joseph-Émile Laquerre ◽  
Patricia Forcier ◽  
Vincent Deregnaucourt ◽  
Justine Decaens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Silver Particle ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antimicrobial Property ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Metal Compounds ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The large surface area, and ability to retain moisture of textile structures enable microorganisms’ growth, which causes a range of undesirable effects, not only on the textile itself, but also on the user. Moreover, textiles used in health care environments are required to possess antimicrobial property to minimize spread of pathogenic infection. Anti-microbial property can be imparted via chemical finishing with an antimicrobial agent. Currently the use of antimicrobial agents includes metal compounds (notably copper and silver particle), chitosan, halogenated phenols “triclosan”, quaternary ammonium compounds, antibiotics (a class of antimicrobials produced from microorganisms that act against one another), and N-halamines. The possibility of bacterial resistance limits antibiotic use to specific medical applications, and triclosan is known for being dangerous to the environment and is currently under scrutiny for possible endocrine disrupting to human being. Although quaternary ammonium compounds are stable and easily manufactured, microbial resistance is also a concern. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), Polyhexamethylene Biguanide (PHMB), chitosan and N-halamines are listed under bound or non-leaching type antimicrobials. The bulk of current chapter focuses on the different family of antimicrobial agents used for textiles and their mechanisms.

scholarly journals Quaternary ammonium compounds: perspectives on benefits, hazards, and risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 239784732110490
Author(s):  
Thomas G Osimitz ◽  
Wiebke Droege
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Reproductive Effects ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Quaternary ammonium compounds are antimicrobial chemicals that provide significant public health benefits by controlling bacteria and viruses that cause infections such as colds, flu, and COVID. The benefits of antimicrobial QACs are seen in increased quality-of-life measures, such as reduced time away from work and school and reduced medical costs. As active antimicrobial agents, QACs and QAC-containing consumer and professional products are highly regulated by authorities such as the US Environmental Protection Agency and the European Chemicals Agency. A complete database of guideline safety studies, covering human and environmental health, is available and has been reviewed by multiple regulatory agencies globally. The conclusions of regulatory agencies from these studies indicate no concerns regarding reproductive effects, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or other systemic adverse effects. In contrast, some published academic studies provide mixed findings on lipid synthesis, reproductive effects, and asthma. However, many of these studies have been found not to be robust in design and lacked appropriate controls to support conclusions of a clear and direct association with an adverse effect. The hazard data for the QACs show that their primary critical effects are point-of-contact effects such as irritation, which exhibit a threshold and occur in a dose–response manner. This review compares toxicity information for QACs, examines human exposures, and quantifies the risks estimated from QAC product use. QACs are an important cleaning and hygiene tool, and the abundance of safety data generated for them provides assurance they can be safely used in professional and household products.

Loss of bactericidal capacity of long-chain quaternary ammonium compounds with protein at lowered temperature

Apmis ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 107 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 606-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. AHLSTRÖM ◽  
R. A. THOMPSON ◽  
L. EDEBO
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Bactericidal Capacity ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Long Chain

Potentiometric titration of long chain quaternary ammonium compounds using sodium tetraphenyl borate

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 1831-1833 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. N. Wang ◽  
L. D. Metcalfe ◽  
J. J. Donkerbroek ◽  
A. H. M. Cosijn
Keyword(s):  
Potentiometric Titration ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Sodium Tetraphenyl Borate ◽  
Tetraphenyl Borate ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Long Chain

scholarly journals Mixtures of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Long-chain Fatty Acids as Antifungal Agents

1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 538-541
Author(s):  
F. C. Kull ◽  
P. C. Eisman ◽  
H. D. Sylwestrowicz ◽  
R. L. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Mixtures of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Long-chain Fatty Acids as Antifungal Agents

1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 538-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Kull ◽  
P. C. Eisman ◽  
H. D. Sylwestrowicz ◽  
R. L. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids
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