scholarly journals Antimicrobial Agents for Textiles: Types, Mechanisms and Analysis Standards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ibrahim ◽  
Joseph-Émile Laquerre ◽  
Patricia Forcier ◽  
Vincent Deregnaucourt ◽  
Justine Decaens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Silver Particle ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antimicrobial Property ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Metal Compounds ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The large surface area, and ability to retain moisture of textile structures enable microorganisms’ growth, which causes a range of undesirable effects, not only on the textile itself, but also on the user. Moreover, textiles used in health care environments are required to possess antimicrobial property to minimize spread of pathogenic infection. Anti-microbial property can be imparted via chemical finishing with an antimicrobial agent. Currently the use of antimicrobial agents includes metal compounds (notably copper and silver particle), chitosan, halogenated phenols “triclosan”, quaternary ammonium compounds, antibiotics (a class of antimicrobials produced from microorganisms that act against one another), and N-halamines. The possibility of bacterial resistance limits antibiotic use to specific medical applications, and triclosan is known for being dangerous to the environment and is currently under scrutiny for possible endocrine disrupting to human being. Although quaternary ammonium compounds are stable and easily manufactured, microbial resistance is also a concern. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), Polyhexamethylene Biguanide (PHMB), chitosan and N-halamines are listed under bound or non-leaching type antimicrobials. The bulk of current chapter focuses on the different family of antimicrobial agents used for textiles and their mechanisms.

Bacterial Resistance to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC) Disinfectants

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bragg ◽  
Arina Jansen ◽  
Marisa Coetzee ◽  
Wouter van der Westhuizen ◽  
Charlotte Boucher
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

scholarly journals Soft Antimicrobial Agents:  Synthesis and Activity of Labile Environmentally Friendly Long Chain Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (19) ◽  
pp. 4173-4181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsteinn Thorsteinsson ◽  
Már Másson ◽  
Karl G. Kristinsson ◽  
Martha A. Hjálmarsdóttir ◽  
Hilmar Hilmarsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Long Chain

scholarly journals Quaternary ammonium compounds: perspectives on benefits, hazards, and risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 239784732110490
Author(s):  
Thomas G Osimitz ◽  
Wiebke Droege
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Reproductive Effects ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Quaternary ammonium compounds are antimicrobial chemicals that provide significant public health benefits by controlling bacteria and viruses that cause infections such as colds, flu, and COVID. The benefits of antimicrobial QACs are seen in increased quality-of-life measures, such as reduced time away from work and school and reduced medical costs. As active antimicrobial agents, QACs and QAC-containing consumer and professional products are highly regulated by authorities such as the US Environmental Protection Agency and the European Chemicals Agency. A complete database of guideline safety studies, covering human and environmental health, is available and has been reviewed by multiple regulatory agencies globally. The conclusions of regulatory agencies from these studies indicate no concerns regarding reproductive effects, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or other systemic adverse effects. In contrast, some published academic studies provide mixed findings on lipid synthesis, reproductive effects, and asthma. However, many of these studies have been found not to be robust in design and lacked appropriate controls to support conclusions of a clear and direct association with an adverse effect. The hazard data for the QACs show that their primary critical effects are point-of-contact effects such as irritation, which exhibit a threshold and occur in a dose–response manner. This review compares toxicity information for QACs, examines human exposures, and quantifies the risks estimated from QAC product use. QACs are an important cleaning and hygiene tool, and the abundance of safety data generated for them provides assurance they can be safely used in professional and household products.

Bacterial resistance to disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium compounds

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 235-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sundheim ◽  
S. Langsrud ◽  
E. Heir ◽  
A.L. Holck
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: An Antimicrobial Mainstay and Platform for Innovation to Address Bacterial Resistance

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 288-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan C. Jennings ◽  
Kevin P. C. Minbiole ◽  
William M. Wuest
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Determination of quaternary ammonium compounds in food products by the method of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution mass-spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
V. G. Amelin ◽  
D. S. Bolshakov
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
High Resolution Mass ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Resolution Mass

The goal of the study is developing a methodology for determination of the residual amounts of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) in food products by UHPLC/high-resolution mass spectrometry after water-acetonitrile extraction of the determined components from the analyzed samples. The identification and determination of QAC was carried out on an «UltiMate 3000» ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph (Thermo Scientific, USA) equipped with a «maXis 4G» high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometric detector and an ion spray «ionBooster» source (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). Samples of milk, cheese (upper cortical layer), dumplings, pork, chicken skin and ground beef were used as working samples. Optimal conditions are specified for chromatographic separation of the mixture of five QAC, two of them being a mixture of homologues with a linear structure (including isomeric forms). The identification of QAC is carried out by the retention time, exact mass of the ions, and coincidence of the mSigma isotopic distribution. The limits for QAC detection are 0.1 – 0.5 ng/ml, the determination limits are 1 ng/ml for aqueous standard solutions. The determinable content of QAC in food products ranges within 1 – 100 ng/g. The results of analysis revealed the residual amount of QAC present in all samples, which confirms data of numerous sources of information about active use of QAC-based disinfectants in the meat and dairy industry. The correctness of the obtained results is verified by introduction of the additives in food products at a level of 10 ng/g for each QAC. The relative standard deviation of the analysis results does not exceed 0.18. The duration of the analysis is 30 – 40 min.

Polymeric Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: Versatile Antimicrobial Materials

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna Zubris ◽  
Kevin Minbiole ◽  
William Wuest
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Antimicrobial Materials ◽  
Ammonium Compounds
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