Stimulus-Locked and Response-Locked ERP Correlates of Spatial Inhibition of Return (IOR) in Old Age

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Amenedo ◽  
Francisco-Javier Gutiérrez-Domínguez ◽  
Sara M. Mateos-Ruger ◽  
Paula Pazo-Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Lower Visual Field ◽  
Response Preparation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Upper Visual Field

Behavioral research has shown that Inhibition of Return (IOR) is preserved in old age although at longer time intervals between cue and target, which has been interpreted as reflecting a later disengagement from the cue. A recent event-related potential (ERP) study attributed this age-related pattern to an enhanced processing of the cue. Previous ERP research in young samples indicates that target and response processing are also affected by IOR, which makes interesting to study the ERP correlates of IOR from cue presentation to response execution. In this regard, in the present study stimulus-locked (cue-locked and target-locked) and response-locked ERPs were explored in healthy young and older participants. The behavioral results indicated preserved IOR in the older participants. The cue-locked ERPs could suggest that the older participants processed the cue as a warning signal to prepare for the upcoming target stimulus. Under IOR, target-locked ERPs of both age groups showed lower N1 amplitudes suggesting a suppression/inhibition of cued targets. During the P3 rising period, in young subjects a negative shift (Nd effect) to cued targets was observed in the lower visual field (LVF), and a positive shift (Pd effect) in the upper visual field. However, in the older group the Nd effect was absent suggesting a reduction of attentional resolution in the LVF. The older group showed enhanced motor activation to prepare correct responses, although IOR effects on response-locked lateralized readiness potential LRP indicated reduced response preparation to cued targets in both age groups. In general, results suggest that the older adults inhibit or reduce the visual processing of targets appearing at cued locations, and the preparation to respond to them, but with the added cost of allocating more attentional resources onto the cue and of maintaining a more effortful processing during the sequence of stimuli within the trial.

scholarly journals Mouse retinal specializations reflect knowledge of natural environment statistics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongrong Qiu ◽  
Zhijian Zhao ◽  
David Klindt ◽  
Magdalena Kautzky ◽  
Klaudia P. Szatko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Lower Visual Field ◽  
Natural Scene Statistics ◽  
Predator Detection ◽  
Chromatic Contrast ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity ◽  
Upper Visual Field ◽  
Environmental Difference

SummaryPressures for survival drive sensory circuit adaption to a species’ habitat, making it essential to statistically characterise natural scenes. Mice, a prominent visual system model, are dichromatic with enhanced sensitivity to green and UV. Their visual environment, however, is rarely considered. Here, we built a UV-green camera to record footage from mouse habitats. We found chromatic contrast to greatly diverge in the upper but not the lower visual field, an environmental difference that may underlie the species’ superior colour discrimination in the upper visual field. Moreover, training an autoencoder on upper but not lower visual field scenes was sufficient for the emergence of colour-opponent filters. Furthermore, the upper visual field was biased towards dark UV contrasts, paralleled by more light-offset-sensitive cells in the ventral retina. Finally, footage recorded at twilight suggests that UV promotes aerial predator detection. Our findings support that natural scene statistics shaped early visual processing in evolution.Lead contactFurther information and requests for resources and reagents should be directed to and will be fulfilled by the Lead Contact, Thomas Euler ([email protected])

Automatic Change Detection in Older and Younger Women: A Visual Mismatch Negativity Study

Gerontology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
István Sulykos ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál ◽  
István  Czigler
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Stimulus Change ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Visual Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Latency Range ◽  
Age Related Changes

Background: In comparison to controlled (attentional) processing, relatively little is known about the age-related changes of the earlier (preattentive) processes. An event-related potential (ERP) index of preattentive (automatic) visual processing, the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) is a good candidate for analyzing age-related differences in the automatic processing of visual events. Objective: So far results concerning age-related changes in vMMN have been equivocal. Our aim was to develop a method resulting in a reliable vMMN in a paradigm short enough to use in the applied field. Methods: We investigated an older (mean age: 66.4 years, n = 15) and a younger (mean age: 22.4 years, n = 15) group of healthy women. ERPs were obtained for checkerboard onset patterns in a passive oddball condition (during which participants performed a tracking task). One of the checkerboards was frequent (standard; p = 0.8), and the other was rare (deviant; p = 0.2). Results: vMMN emerged over posterior locations in the latency range of 100–300 ms in both age groups. The amplitude of the earlier part of the vMMN was similar in the older and the younger participants, but latency was longer in the older group. The later part of the vMMN was slightly diminished in the elderly. Conclusion: Automatic detection of violated sequential regularities, reflected by the vMMN, emerged in the two age groups (earlier vMMN). However, detection of stimulus change, a preattentive visual process delayed in the elderly, and identification of the specific change was compromised in the older participants.

Concrete and Formal Operational thought Processes in Young Adulthood and Old Age

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Clayton ◽  
Willis F. Overton
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Concrete Operational ◽  
Fluid And Crystallized Intelligence

A study was conducted to examine the role of concrete and formal operations in a young and old population. In addition, the present study explored the relation between operational thought and Cattell's concept of fluid and crystallized intelligence, as well as the role of differential living arrangements in maintaining operational thought. Eighty females from three age groups (18–20 years, 60–70 years and 70–80 years of age) were tested on a series of Piagetian tasks and indices of fluid and crystallized intelligence. The findings supported the notion that age-related performance differences occur in the area of formal operational thought prior to the time they occur in concrete operational thought. Except for the young sample, the operational tasks were found to be unrelated to fluid intelligence at the age levels represented in this study. Living independently as opposed to living in an old age home did not appear to be a significant factor in maintaining operational thought. Discussion focused on the necessity of identifying those factors which influence the developmental course of formal operational thought across the life span.

Effect of Peripheral Visual Field Size upon Visual Search in Children and Adults

Perception ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoyuki Osaka
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Peripheral Visual Field ◽  
Cube Root ◽  
Age Related

Twenty observers in each of the age groups, three, four, five, and twenty-one years, were asked to identify pictures displayed through five different sizes of peephole. Recognition latency changed as a cube-root power function of aperture area. It was found that latency decreased as age and area increased. However, the exponent of the power function showed little age-related change. Effectiveness of the peripheral visual field size was discussed in terms of magnitude of the exponent.

Old Age Affects Survival but Not Response in Philadelphia Positive (Ph+) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Patients Treated with Imatinib (IM): A Study of the GIMEMA CML WORKING PARTY.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 1118-1118
Author(s):  
Gabriele Gugliotta ◽  
Fausto Castagnetti ◽  
Francesca Palandri ◽  
Massimo Breccia ◽  
Marilina Amabile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Working Party ◽  
Molecular Response ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Intention To Treat ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Prognostic Importance

Abstract Abstract 1118 Poster Board I-140 Background The median age of an unselected population of Ph+ CML patients is close to 60 years. In the prognostic classifications (Sokal, Blood 1984; Hasford, JNCI 1998) that were elaborated before the introduction of IM, age was a significant and important prognostic factor. The most recent IM studies have not clarified the prognostic importance of age and IM therapy is still denied to several elderly patients. Aim to asses the relationship between age (less and more than 65 years) and outcome, in CML patients treated front-line in early chronic phase (ECP). Methods We analyzed the data of 559 previously untreated ECP patients who were assigned to receive IM 400 mg daily (76%) or 800 mg daily (24%) in three controlled, prospective studies of GIMEMA (Clin Trials Gov. NCT00514488 and NCT00510926; and an observational study of IM 400 mg). The median follow-up is currently 42 (extremes 1 – 64) months. There were 115 patients more than 65 years old (median age 71 years), while 444 (79%) were less than 65 years (median age 46 years). The proportion of patients who were treated with IM 800 mg daily was the same in both age groups. Results The cumulative complete cytogenetic and major molecular response rates were identical in the two age groups (88% vs 88% and 82% vs 83%, respectively). However, overall survival (86% vs 93%, p = 0.01), failure-free survival (72% vs 81%, p=0.03) and particularly event-free survival (calculated based on the intention-to-treat principle, where events were any failure [according to the European LeukemiaNet criteria – Baccarani, Blood 2006] and treatment discontinuation for any cause) (60% vs 71%, p=0.006) were significantly inferior in the older age group. All these difference were mainly due to comorbidities leading to more deaths in CP (table). Conclusions/Methods These data show that response to IM was not affected by old age. Survival curves were affected because of age-related complications and comorbidities. Age should never be a contraindication to IM treatment. Acknowledgments: European LeukemiaNet, COFIN, University of Bologna and BolognAIL. Disclosures Saglio: Novartis: Honoraria. Baccarani:Novartis Pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Bristol-Mayer Squibb: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.

scholarly journals Increasingly capable at the ripe old age? Cognitive abilities from 2004 to 2013 in Germany, Spain, and Sweden

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254038
Author(s):  
Julia Grasshoff ◽  
Johannes Beller ◽  
Beatrice G. Kuhlmann ◽  
Siegfried Geyer
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Starting Point

Background Life expectancy is increasing in most high-income countries, but gains in life years are maximized if spent in good health and if cognitive abilities are maintained until old age. Age-related decline of cognitive abilities does nevertheless occur, but the pace of decline is decisive. This was the starting point for our study that aims to examine cohort effects of cognitive aging in women and men in Germany, Spain and Sweden by analyzing changes from 2004 to 2013 by estimating cohort effects within age groups starting from the age of 50 years. Methods A cohort study was conducted that was based on data of the surveys 2004 (N = 6,081) and 2013 (N = 8,650) from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The analyses were based on data of female and male respondents aged 50 years and older. Age-specific means of verbal fluency and delayed recall from the German, Spanish and Swedish samples were the cognitive domains considered in the study. Results In both domains of cognitive ability the achievements in the later surveys were higher than in the earlier ones. This was found in all countries, abut achievement levels increased markedly in the German and the Spanish samples, while the scores of the Swedish samples were not significantly different. While the highest scores were found for Sweden, Germany ranked in the middle and the lowest scores were found in the Spanish samples. Over time, the scores of the German samples approached those of Sweden. Conclusions From the first to the second survey, improvements of older adults’ cognitive abilities were found for all countries considered. This may indicate improvements of the underlying educational systems, but also increasingly stimulating general living conditions.

scholarly journals Dyslexic children show altered temporal structure of the nonlinear VEP

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Crewther ◽  
Jacqueline Rutkowski ◽  
David Crewther
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Lower Visual Field ◽  
Perceptual Speed ◽  
Auditory Temporal Processing ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
First Order ◽  
Upper Visual Field ◽  
Order Kernel

AbstractThe neural basis of dyslexia remains unresolved, despite many theories relating dyslexia to dysfunction in visual magnocellular and auditory temporal processing, cerebellar dysfunction, attentional deficits, as well as excessive neural noise. Recent research identifies perceptual speed as a common factor, integrating several of these systems. Optimal perceptual speed invokes transient attention as a necessary component, and change detection in gap paradigm tasks is impaired in those with dyslexia. This research has also identified an overall better change detection for targets presented in the upper compared with lower visual fields. Despite the magnocellular visual pathway being implicated in the aetiology of dyslexia over 30 years ago, objective physiological measures have been lacking. Thus, we employed nonlinear visual evoked potential (VEP) techniques which generate second order kernel terms specific for magno and parvocellular processing as a means to assessing the physiological status of poor readers (PR, n=12) compared with good readers (GR, n=16) selected from children with a mean age of 10yr. The first and second order Wiener kernels using multifocal VEP were recorded from a 4° foveal stimulus patch as well as for upper and lower visual field peripheral arcs. Foveal responses showed little difference between GR and PR for low contrast stimulation, except for the second slice of the second order kernel where lower peak amplitudes were recorded for PR vs GR. At high contrast, there was a trend to smaller first order kernel amplitudes for short latency peaks of the PR vs GR. In addition, there were significant latency differences for the first negativity in the first two slices of the second order kernel. In terms of peripheral stimulation, lower visual field response amplitudes were larger compared with upper visual field responses, for both PR and GR. A trend to larger second/first order ratio for magnocellularly driven responses suggests the possibility of lesser neural efficiency in the periphery for the PR compared with the GR. Stronger lower field peripheral response may relate to better upper visual field change detection performance when target visibility is controlled through flicking masks. In conclusion, early cortical magnocellular processing at low contrast was normal in those with dyslexia, while cortical activity related to parvocellular afferents was reduced. In addition, the study demonstrated a physiological basis for upper versus lower visual field differences related to magnocellular function.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE CEREBELLUM OF MEN AT A YOUNG AND OLD AGE ACCORDING TO MAGNETIC RESONANCE TOMOGRAPHY

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Anatoly A. Balandin ◽  
Lev M. Zheleznov ◽  
Irina A. Balandina ◽  
Valery S. Shelud'ko
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Tomography ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right

Investigation which devoted to the study of the age characteristics of the human body are becoming increasingly important. Magnetic resonance tomography is the most informative diagnostic method for intravital visualization of tissues and structures of the brain. It also allows you to more accurately see the picture of morphological features with age-associated changes. The aim of the study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the age-related morphometric characteristics of the cerebellum in male with mesocranic type of cranium in young and old age according to the data of magnetic resonance tomography. The analysis of the results of a morphometric study of the cerebellum on tomograms of 91 men examined for medical reasons was carried out. Depending on the age, the subjects were divided into two groups. Group I included 52 young men (22–27 years old, inclusive), group II included 39 elderly men (from 78 to 83 years old, inclusive). The transverse, longitudinal and vertical dimensions of the cerebellum were determined. When comparing the parameters of the linear dimensions of the cerebellum in the studied age groups of men, a statistically significant decrease in all indicators in old age compared with young age was revealed (p=0.042). There was no statistically significant difference between the parameters of the longitudinal and vertical sizes of the cerebellar hemispheres in individuals of each age group (p>0.05); there is a tendency for these sizes to prevail in the right cerebellar hemisphere. The results obtained can serve as the equivalent of the age-related anatomical norm of the cerebellum in young and old men, which will make it possible to use these data in basic and clinical research, as well as in medical practice.

Aging

Anthropology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Danely
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Age Related

Anthropological interest in age initially followed two strands that reflected the divide between structural functionalism in the United Kingdom and Europe, and culture and personality in the United States. The former was most interested in the ways societies accorded status based on age. If viewed vertically, age could be seen as a series of statuses one occupied over the life course, structuring the normative timing of events that were important for social reproduction, such as the transition from childhood to adulthood, marriage, and elder status. These statuses entailed ritual, political, and economic obligations between age classifications such as rights of property, ritual knowledge, or political authority. Viewed horizontally, however, age grades or sets formalized bonds between cohorts, stabilizing solidarity across territory or kinship boundaries. American anthropologists, on the other hand, saw the cultural mapping of life-course trajectories as a way of testing emerging psychological theories of human development derived from psychoanalysis and behaviorism. By collecting evidence on the norms and behaviors for different age categories, as well as the social and psychological dynamics within and between age categories, these anthropologists enriched our understanding of the malleability of relationships between age and personality. While culture and personality is most commonly associated with the study of child and adolescent development, anthropology was also vital in bringing attention to the continued developmental changes in adulthood and old age. In both of these strands, cross-cultural comparison yielded strong evidence that age was not only a fundamental axis on which social life revolved but also that the boundaries between groups and the meanings of age were socially rather than biologically determined in the same way that anthropologists now think about gender or race. These strands were further brought together by theories of ritual, wherein age-related status also entailed powerful symbolic reordering of subjective experiences. Other anthropologists pointed out the inequalities and tensions between age groups in ways that highlighted cultural attempts to mediate conflicts. From the 1960s, anthropologists began efforts to promote their perspective within the emerging fields of social gerontology and medical anthropology. Thus, the study of old age began to focus more on the ways health care and modern social welfare systems impacted lives. Anthropology continues to challenge universalizing biomedical reductionism of age though attention to cultural context, narrative, identity, and personhood. It has been further enriched by theories of care, mobility, globalization, and science and technology studies.

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