Influence of Various Temporal Recoding on Pavlovian Eyeblink Conditioning in The Cerebellum

We consider the Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning (EBC) via repeated presentation of paired conditioned stimulus (tone) and unconditioned stimulus (airpuff). The influence of various temporal recoding of granule cells on the EBC is investigated in a cerebellar network where the connection probability pc from Golgi to granule cells is changed. In an optimal case of , individual granule cells show various well- and ill-matched firing patterns relative to the unconditioned stimulus. Then, these variously-recoded signals are fed into the Purkinje cells (PCs) through parallel-fibers (PFs), and the instructor climbing-fiber (CF) signals from the inferior olive depress them effectively. In the case of well-matched PF-PC synapses, their synaptic weights are strongly depressed through strong long-term depression (LTD). On the other hand, practically no LTD occurs for the ill-matched PF-PC synapses. This type of “effective” depression at the PF-PC synapses coordinates firings of PCs effectively, which then make effective inhibitory coordination on cerebellar nucleus neuron [which elicits conditioned response (CR; eyeblink)]. When the learning trial passes a threshold, acquisition of CR begins. In this case, the timing degree 𝒯d of CR becomes good due to presence of the ill-matched firing group which plays a role of protection barrier for the timing. With further increase in the trial, strength 𝒮 of CR (corresponding to the amplitude of eyelid closure) increases due to strong LTD in the well-matched firing group, while its timing degree 𝒯d decreases. In this way, the well- and the ill-matched firing groups play their own roles for the strength and the timing of CR, respectively. Thus, with increasing the learning trial, the (overall) learning efficiency degree ℒe (taking into consideration both timing and strength of CR) for the CR is increased, and eventually it becomes saturated. By changing pc from , we also investigate the influence of various temporal recoding on the EBC. It is thus found that, the more various in temporal recoding, the more effective in learning for the Pavlovian EBC.

Human Superior Olivary Nucleus Neuron Populations in Subjects With Normal Hearing and Presbycusis

Introduction: Normative data on superior olivary nucleus neuron counts derived from human specimens are sparse, and little is known about their coherence with structure and function of the cochlea. The purpose of this study was to quantify the neuron populations of the divisions of the superior olivary nucleus in human subjects with normal hearing and presbycusis and investigate potential relationships between these findings and histopathology in the cochlea and hearing phenotype Methods: Histopathologic examination of temporal bone and brainstem specimens from 13 subjects having normal hearing or presbycusis was undertaken. The following was determined for each: number and density of superior olivary nucleus and cochlear nucleus neurons, inner and outer hair cell counts, spiral ganglion cell counts, and pure tone audiometry. Results: The results demonstrate a significant relationship between cells within structures of the cochlear nucleus and the number of neurons of the medial superior olivary nucleus. No relationship between superior olivary nucleus neuron counts/density and cochlear histopathology or hearing phenotype was encountered. Conclusion: Normative data for superior olivary nucleus neuron populations are further established in the data presented in this study that includes subjects with normal hearing and also presbycusis.

NMDA-induced burst firing in a model subthalamic nucleus neuron

Experiments in rat brain slice show that hyperpolarized subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons engage in slow, regular burst firing when treated with an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) bath. A depolarization-activated inward current (DIC) has been hypothesized to contribute to this bursting activity. To explore the mechanism for STN burst firing in this setting, we augmented a previously published conductance-based computational model for single rat STN neurons to include both DIC and NMDA currents, fit to data from published electrophysiological recordings. Simulations show that with these additions, the model engages in bursting activity at <1 Hz in response to hyperpolarizing current injection and that this bursting exhibits several features observed experimentally in STN. Furthermore, a reduced model is used to show that the combination of NMDA and DIC currents, but not either alone, suffices to generate oscillations under hyperpolarizing current injection. STN neurons show enhanced burstiness in Parkinson's disease patients and experimental models of parkinsonism, and the burst mechanism studied presently could contribute to this effect.