Graded Effects of Number of Inserted Letters in Superset Priming

2008 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijke Welvaert ◽  
Fernand Farioli ◽  
Jonathan Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Processing Cost ◽  
Letter Position Coding ◽  
Position Coding ◽  
Prime Condition

Abstract. Three masked priming experiments investigated the effects of target word length and number of inserted letters on superset priming, where irrelevant letters are added to targets to form prime stimuli (e.g., tanble-table). Effects of one, two, three, and four-letter insertions were measured relative to an unrelated prime condition, the identity prime condition, and a condition where the order of letters of the superset primes was reversed. Superset primes facilitated performance compared with unrelated primes and reversed primes, and the overall pattern showed a small cost of letter insertion that was independent of target word length and that increased linearly as a function of the number of inserted letters. A meta-analysis incorporating data from the present study and two other studies investigating superset priming, showed an average estimated processing cost of 11 ms per letter insertion. Models of letter position coding are examined in the light of this result.

On the Flexibility of Letter Position Coding During Lexical Processing

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Perea ◽  
Heather Winskel ◽  
Theeraporn Ratitamkul
Keyword(s):  
Priming Effect ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Initial Letter ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Letter Position Coding ◽  
Position Coding ◽  
Alphabetic Language

In Indo-European languages, letter position coding is particularly noisy in middle positions (e.g., judge and jugde look very similar), but not in the initial letter position (e.g., judge vs. ujdge). Here we focus on a language (Thai) which, potentially, may be more flexible with respect to letter position coding than Indo-European languages: (i) Thai is an alphabetic language which is written without spaces between words (i.e., there is a degree of ambiguity in relation to which word a given letter belongs to) and (ii) some of the vowels are misaligned (e.g., [Formula: see text]/ε:bn/ is pronounced as /bε:n/), whereas others are not (e.g., [Formula: see text]/a:p/ is pronounced as /a:p/). We conducted a masked priming lexical decision experiment with 3–4 letter Thai words (with vs. without an initial misaligned vowel) in which the prime was: (i) identical to the target, (ii) a nonword generated by transposing the two initial letters of the target, or (iii) a replacement-letter control nonword. Results showed a significant masked transposed-letter priming effect in the initial letter positions, which was similar in size for words with and without an initial misaligned vowel. These findings reflect that: (i) letter position coding in Thai is very flexible and (ii) the nature of the obtained priming effects is orthographic rather than phonological.

Does Kaniso Activate CASINO?

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Acha ◽  
Manuel Perea
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
Initial Syllable ◽  
Letter Position Coding ◽  
Position Coding ◽  
Transposed Letter Effect

Most recent input coding schemes in visual-word recognition assume that letter position coding is orthographic rather than phonological in nature (e.g., SOLAR, open-bigram, SERIOL, and overlap). This assumption has been drawn – in part – by the fact that the transposed-letter effect (e.g., caniso activates CASINO) seems to be (mostly) insensitive to phonological manipulations (e.g., Perea & Carreiras, 2006 , 2008 ; Perea & Pérez, 2009 ). However, one could argue that the lack of a phonological effect in prior research was due to the fact that the manipulation always occurred in internal letter positions – note that phonological effects tend to be stronger for the initial syllable ( Carreiras, Ferrand, Grainger, & Perea, 2005 ). To reexamine this issue, we conducted a masked priming lexical decision experiment in which we compared the priming effect for transposed-letter pairs (e.g., caniso-CASINO vs. caviro-CASINO) and for pseudohomophone transposed-letter pairs (kaniso-CASINO vs. kaviro-CASINO). Results showed a transposed-letter priming effect for the correctly spelled pairs, but not for the pseudohomophone pairs. This is consistent with the view that letter position coding is (primarily) orthographic in nature.

EXPRESS: The letter position coding mechanism of second language words during sentence reading: Evidence from eye movements

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110645
Author(s):  
Fengjiao Cong ◽  
Baoguo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
L2 Reading ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Letter Position Coding ◽  
Position Coding

We conducted three eye movement experiments to investigate the mechanism for coding letter positions in a person’s second language during sentence reading; we also examined the role of morphology in this process with more rigorous manipulation. Given that readers not only obtain information from currently fixated words (i.e., the foveal area) but also from upcoming words (i.e., the parafoveal area) to guide their reading, we examined both when the targets were fixated (Exp. 1) and when the targets were seen parafoveally (Exp. 2 and Exp. 3). First, we found the classic transposed letter (TL) effect in Exp. 1, but not in Exp. 2 or Exp. 3. This implies that flexible letter position coding exists during sentence reading. However, this was limited to words located in the foveal area, suggesting that L2 readers whose L2 proficiency is not as high as skilled native readers are not able to extract and utilize the parafoveal letter identity and position information of a word, whether the word length is long (Exp. 2) or short (Exp. 3). Second, we found morphological information to influence the magnitude of the TL effect in Exp. 1. These results provide new eye movement evidence for the flexibility of L2 letter position coding during sentence reading, as well as the interactions between the different internal representations of words in this process. Altogether, this is helpful for understanding L2 sentence reading and visual word recognition. Thus, future L2 reading frameworks should integrate word recognition and eye movement control models.

scholarly journals Parafoveal letter-position coding in reading

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Snell ◽  
Daisy Bertrand ◽  
Jonathan Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Letter Position ◽  
Letter Position Coding ◽  
Position Coding

How is letter position coding attained in scripts with position-dependent allography?

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1600-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahire Yakup ◽  
Wayit Abliz ◽  
Joan Sereno ◽  
Manuel Perea
Keyword(s):  
Letter Position ◽  
Letter Position Coding ◽  
Position Coding

Position Coding in Two-Digit Arabic Numbers

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier García-Orza ◽  
Manuel Perea
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Unrelated Control ◽  
Arabic Number ◽  
Position Coding

Digit position coding in two-digit Arabic numbers was examined in two masked priming experiments. In Experiment 1, participants had to decide whether the presented stimulus was a two-digit Arabic number (e.g., 67) or not (e.g., G7). Target stimuli could be preceded by a prime which (i) shared one digit in the initial position (e.g., 13-18), (ii) shared one digit but in a different position (83-18), and (iii) was a transposed number (81-18). Two unrelated control conditions, equalized in terms of the distance between primes and targets with the experimental conditions, were also included (e.g., 79-18). Results showed a priming effect only when prime and target shared digits in the same position. Experiment 2 employed a masked priming same-different matching task – a task that has been successfully employed in the literature on letter position coding. Results showed faster response times when prime and target shared digits – including the transposed-digit condition – relative to the control conditions. Thus, the identity of each digit in the early stages of visual processing is not associated with a specific position in two-digit Arabic numbers. We examine the implication of these findings for models of Arabic number processing.

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