EXPRESS: Unveiling the boost in the sandwich priming technique

The masked priming technique (which compares #####-house-HOUSE vs. #####-fight-HOUSE) is the gold-standard tool to examine the initial moments of word processing. Lupker and Davis (2009) showed that adding a pre-prime identical to the target produced greater priming effects in the sandwich technique (which compares #####-HOUSE-house-HOUSE vs #####-HOUSE-fight-HOUSE). While there is consensus that the sandwich technique magnifies the size of priming effects relative to the standard procedure, the mechanisms underlying this boost are not well understood (i.e., does it reflect quantitative or qualitative changes?). To fully characterize the sandwich technique, we compared the sandwich and standard techniques by examining the RTs and their distributional features (delta plots; conditional-accuracy functions), comparing identity vs. unrelated primes. Results showed that the locus of the boost in the sandwich technique was two-fold: faster responses in the identity condition (via a shift in the RT distributions) and slower responses in the unrelated condition. We discuss the theoretical and methodological implications of these findings.

Effects of Guided Imagery, Zikar Azkar, and Priming Technique on Stress and Relaxation Level Among University Students

This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of the three relaxation techniques which are Guided Imagery, Zikar Azkar, and Priming Technique on coping with stress and on the relaxation state of an individual. The total sample included 51 university students in which each group had 17 female students. Smith Relaxation States Inventory 3 and Perceived Stress Scale were used to measure relaxation states and perceived stress levels of the participants. The Smith Relaxation States Inventory 3 has two subscales. The State Version (SRSI3) measures the current relaxation state of a person and the Disposition Scale (SRSI3d) evaluates how often individuals experience worries, stress, and negative emotions. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups. The questionnaires were administered before and after four weeks to the participants. The findings of the study showed that all the three relaxation techniques were effective in reducing stress, however, the results show that Zikar Azkar was more effective than Guided Imagery and Priming Technique. It was also found that Zikar Azkar was also effective in improving the relaxation state of individuals besides being more effective than Guided Imagery, and Priming Technique in reducing negative emotions and stress.

Magneto-Primed Triticale Seeds Studied by Micro-Raman Spectra

The spectroscopy technique of Micro-Raman is an appropriate method to investigate the microscopic structure of internally heterogeneous (i.e., composed of multiple layers) agro-food products. The effects of applying magnetic fields (magneto-priming technique) and imbibition on the chemical makeup of Triticale seed were studied, particularly in its pericarp, germ and endosperm parts, with the help of Micro-Raman. In light of the results obtained, the magneto-primed seeds soaked in water presented a greater number of chemical compounds than the control seeds, although those treatments were not as effective as the ones with only magneto-priming. The effects of the magneto-priming treatment were especially noticeable in the endosperm due to the large number of chemical compounds identified. The seed composition differences among treatments showed that the use of Micro-Raman jointly with magneto-priming is an appropriate method to obtain and analyse information of the key components of Triticale seeds, notably regarding their pericarp and endosperm.

Effect of physiological priming on stored coffee seeds

The physiological priming has been used to standardize and increase the speed of development of seed lots. The use of this technique is essential in coffee cultivation, as the crop has low longevity associated with slow and uneven germination. The objective was to evaluate the effect of physiological priming on the physiological quality of coffee seeds stored with different water contents. Seeds of two cultivars of Coffea arabica were used: cv. Catuaí Vermelho IAC144 and Topázio MG1190. A portion of the seeds were dried in the shade until reaching 12% moisture, and the other did not undergo drying. The seeds were stored in a cold chamber at 10 °C for nine months. Every three months, the physiological priming technique was performed with subsequent evaluation of the physiological quality by germination tests, root protrusion, normal seedlings at fifteen days, strong normal seedlings, seedlings with expanded cotyledonary leaves and seedling dry weight. Seeds that did not undergo drying subjected to the physiological priming technique maintained physiological quality after nine months of storage. Physiological priming was detrimental to dry seeds stored for nine months.

Application of Invigoration Technique in Order to Improve Seed

<p>Seed is a component of production that contributes to increasing the national rice production. The use of low-quality seeds compared with production costs, non-uniform plant growth, yield reduction, and yield quality. One effort to improve the quality of seed vigor is through invigoration treatment. Invigoration technique among other hydration, thermal treatment, and coating. The hydration method is a water absorption system in seeds. Uncontrolled absorption (hydro-priming), by soaking and drying the seeds, hardening, on-farm priming, soaking for a certain period. The controlled system (osmo-priming) by immersing in osmotic solution, osmo-hardening (integration of hardening and osmo-priming), matri-priming with moist solid media, humidifications (with high humidity), and hormonal priming (with hormones. The second method is by temperature treatment, including by cooling and heating. The third technique is the coating treatment, namely coating the seeds. Hydration system hydro-priming for 30 hours can break seed dormancy with normal germination capacity of 91.3-99.3% in Memberamo, Cipunagara, and Maros varieties. The hardening technique is effective in increasing the germination of hybrid rice seeds for 12 hours with 2 cycles and for 24 hours with one cycle. The osmo-priming technique of soaking seeds in a 10 ppm GA3 solution or a mixture of 10 ppm GA3 + 15 ppm kinetin was effective in increasing the vigor of hybrid rice seeds. The matri-priming technique with rubbing ash as a medium plus the addition of 50 µ m GA3 was effective in breaking dormancy of the Membramo, Cipunagara, and Maros varieties of rice. It is can be applied, especially by small farmers.</p><p>Keywords: Rice, seed, invigoration, quality</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><strong>PENERAPAN TEKNIK INVIGORASI DALAM MENINGKATKAN VIGOR BENIH PADI </strong></p><p>Benih merupakan komponen budi daya yang berkontribusi dalam meningkatkan produksi padi nasional. Penggunaan benih bermutu rendah berpengaruh terhadap penambahan biaya produksi, pertumbuhan tanaman tidak seragam, dan penurunan hasil dan mutu hasil. Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan mutu benih dari aspek vigor yang rendah adalah melalui perlakuan invigorasi. Teknik invigorasi dibagi menjadi tiga metode, yaitu hidrasi, perlakuan suhu, dan pelapisan (coating). Metode hidrasi merupakan sistem penyerapan air yang dapat terjadi pada benih. Penyerapan tidak terkontrol (hydro-priming) yaitu dengan merendam dan mengeringkan benih, pengerasan (hardening), on-farm priming yaitu merendam dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Sedangkan terkontrol (osmo-priming) dengan merendam pada larutan osmotik, osmo-hardening (integrasi hardening dan osmo-priming), matripriming dengan media padat lembab, humidifications (dengan kelembaban tinggi), dan hormonal priming (dengan hormon). Metode kedua adalah dengan perlakuan suhu, diantaranya dengan pendinginan dan pemanasan. Teknik ketiga adalah dengan perlakuan coating yaitu melapisi benih. Sistem hidrasi hydropriming selama 30 jam dapat mematahkan dormansi benih dengan daya kecambah normal 91,3-99,3% pada varietas Memberamo, Cipunagara, dan Maros. Teknik hardening efektif meningkatkan daya berkecambah benih padi hibrida selama 12 jam dengan dua siklus dan selama 24 jam dengan satu siklus. Teknik osmo-priming perendaman benih dalam larutan GA3 10 ppm atau larutan campuran GA3 10 ppm + kinetin 15 ppm efektif meningkatkan vigor benih padi hibrida. Teknik matri-priming dengan abu gosok sebagai media plus penambahan GA3 50 µm efektif mematahkan dormansi padi varietas Membramo, Cipunagara, dan Maros. Teknik invigorasi tersebut dapat diterapkan, khususnya oleh petani dengan skala produksi kecil.</p><p>Kata kunci: Padi, benih, invigorasi, mutu</p>