The Reading Circle in the Tomsk Province in the Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Centuries

The article is devoted to study of the reading circle of various population groups in the Tomsk Province in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. The book, as an important attribute of the spiritual realization of society, took a leading place in the system of cultural values of the era, became the most important means of human communication. A great contribution to the development of the cultural life of the Altai district was made by the technical and scientific activities among the poor. The study of book collections of exiles, their activities in opening libraries, which were based on private collections, contribute to the expansion of ideas about the nature and scope of their versatile activities. The end of the 19th — early 20th centuries is characterized in Siberia by the social activity of various segments of the population, an increase in the need of society for a printed word. Thanks to the active work of the «Society for the Promotion of the Construction of Rural Free Libraries», in the Tomsk Province, free rural libraries began to open. They completed their main task in distributing the book in the remote settlements of the Tomsk Province. In Siberia, there is a change in the traditional way of peasants in connection with the heyday of the cooperative movement, the alleged dissemination of the theoretical and practical knowledge. The cooperatives began to organize libraries. The important qualitative changes in reading preferences are gradually taking place: classical literature, specialized books and periodicals are in increasing demand.

Bibliographical Scrupulousness and Philological Zeal: Conrad Gessner Working on the editio princeps of ‘Ad se ipsum’

The article concerns the history of the first edition of Greek text of Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations (1559), printed together with its Latin translation and commentary by Wilhelm Xylander. The Zurich philologist and naturalist Conrad Gessner documented it meticulously from its earliest steps in his Neo-Latin bibliographic handbooks, as well as other printed works and letters, meanwhile contributing somehow to its realization. The controversial issue of Gessner’s and Xylander’s role in the establishing of the text of editio princeps, and thus its attribution, is discussed in detail. The other question under consideration is how Gessner imagined the interaction of humanist philology and bibliography, which had to direct literary history in the age of printed word. Taking into account this particular case of Gessner’s bibliographic and philological inquiry, the author attempts to consider his Bibliotheca universalis not only as seminal compilative and critical work, but also as important means of communication and (self-)stimulation.

History of the study of humour and satire in literature

The article discusses the history of humor and satire in literature. Examples and theoretical works of scientists and literary scholars on this topic are given. These studies are philosophical and in general, it noted that until the XIX century, all research in the field of comedy, satire, and humor was conducted as elements of any philosophical teachings and concepts. It also describes the transformation of humor and satire in modern literature. Manifestations of the comic in contemporary journalism differ from the comic in the satirical newspaper and magazine publications of the 19th and early 20th centuries and earlier periods in that today, this sphere of the printed word belongs to the media with all its inherent attributes, while previously it could be characterized as fiction.

The Processing of the Second Syllable in Recognizing Chinese Disyllabic Spoken Words: Evidence From Eye Tracking

In the current study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the processing of the second syllable (which was considered as the rhyme at the word level) during Chinese disyllabic spoken word recognition using a printed-word paradigm. In Experiment 1, participants heard a spoken target word and were simultaneously presented with a visual display of four printed words: a target word, a phonological competitor, and two unrelated distractors. The phonological competitors were manipulated to share either full phonemic overlap of the second syllable with targets (the syllabic overlap condition; e.g., 小篆, xiao3zhuan4, “calligraphy” vs. 公转, gong1zhuan4, “revolution”) or the initial phonemic overlap of the second syllable (the sub-syllabic overlap condition; e.g., 圆柱, yuan2zhu4, “cylinder” vs. 公转, gong1zhuan4, “revolution”) with targets. Participants were asked to select the target words and their eye movements were simultaneously recorded. The results did not show any phonological competition effect in either the syllabic overlap condition or the sub-syllabic overlap condition. In Experiment 2, to maximize the likelihood of observing the phonological competition effect, a target-absent version of the printed-word paradigm was adopted, in which target words were removed from the visual display. The results of Experiment 2 showed significant phonological competition effects in both conditions, i.e., more fixations were made to the phonological competitors than to the distractors. Moreover, the phonological competition effect was found to be larger in the syllabic overlap condition than in the sub-syllabic overlap condition. These findings shed light on the effect of the second syllable competition at the word level during spoken word recognition and, more importantly, showed that the initial phonemes of the second syllable at the syllabic level are also accessed during Chinese disyllabic spoken word recognition.

The Effectiveness of Multiplex Teaching Method in Mastering Vocabulary for Deaf Students

<p>This study aims to measure the effectiveness of “multiplex teaching method” in mastering vocabulary for deaf students. Multiplex teaching method consists of picture language, sign language, printed-word language, written language, and spoken language. The research was designed as a single subject research (SSR) with baseline, intervention, and maintenance phase (A-B-A’ design). The research subjects consisted of two deaf students in special school of SLB Bhakti Luhur Malang, Indonesia. In addition, a special education teacher and an observer were involved in this study. The intervention instrument comprised five lesson plans (LP), each containing a vocabulary of four words. The data were analyzed using intra-condition and inter-condition graphical inspection with a focus on data stability, trends, and score changes. The effectiveness was determined by the Percentage of Non-Overlapping data (PND). The change of score from A'/A achieved by Subject-1 was 7.86 points, while Subject-2 obtained 7.68 points. Subject-1 obtained an average PND B/A of 100% and average PND A'/B of 82.5%. Subject-2 achieved an average PND B/A of 99% and PND A’/B of 90%. Thus, multiplex teaching method is very effective in helping deaf students master vocabulary.</p>

Publicistic Reflection Of Russian Entrepreneurship in Second Half of 19th — early 20th Centuries in Context of History of Russian Journalism

An attempt to outline the contours of a new research field within the framework of the history of Russian journalism — the history of entrepreneurial journalism of the mid — second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries is presented. The publicistic work of Russian entrepreneurs of this time is interpreted by the authors as the forerunner of modern business journalism. It is shown that the key role in its constitution was played by the Great Reforms of the 1860s — 1870s, during which entrepreneurship became a collective actor in the emerging public (media) space and showed the ability to express and defend its interests, including through the printed word. It is noted that even then an array of non-professional entrepreneurial publications of various genres began to take shape, which subsequently evolved into an independent branch of journalistic creativity. It is pointed out that entrepreneurs-publicists remained primarily practitioners, people of action, which determined the special pragmatism of their texts, closely related to the “guild” and personal business interests. The authors come to the conclusion that when studying the journalistic creativity of entrepreneurs, not only logical coherence should be taken into account, but also the synchronicity of all forms of the author’s verbal creativity and his business activity.

Fictive Protrait of the King Vakhtang VI

From the medieval past we can single out several kings-poets, kings-scientists and scholars, education reformers, of whom Vakhtang VI deserves great respect.Versatile and varied turned out to be his genius and spectacle as well. King Vakhtang's intellect was accessible to completely different fields of science, such as history, jurisprudence, philosophy, astronomy-astrology, chemistry, medicine, grammar, textology, pedagogy. Not to mention the writing, where he said a decent word. Despite the difficult political situation, King Vakhtang VI still managed to create a prosperous cultural and educational environment in the country. With his initiative and support, the first printing house was established in Georgia in 1709. With the revival of the printed word, writing opened up vital space, giving more thought to thinking.By printing "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" the foundation was laid for the scientific study of the text of the poem - the work of restoration, the foundation was given to the most important field - Rustvelology.The literature of the Renaissance period is characterized by a number of novelties associated to the name of the King Vakhtang VI. The King, endowed with creative talent, contributed in every way to the development of new fields of science, the introduction of new themes and genres in literature. Understanding the national problem, trying to establish it and turning it into a spiritual need is the niche of Vakhtang's creativity.The only spiritual refuge of the king tired of life was the Christian faith. "The elaboration of religious themes, the cry to God, in addition to bringing spiritual peace to the deeply believing poet, at the same time he promoted the ideas of Christianity among the people and strengthened the religious faith.King Vakhtang VI not only enriched the Georgian literature with his original works, but also greatly contributed to his translation activities. His role in the development of lexicography was also great.The genius of Vakhtang VI can be discussed endlessly. It means a lot even to the fact that the history has survived in the name of the "lawgiver" king.

Book culture: The dialectic of the static and the dynamic

The integrity of book culture is examined from the viewpoint of dialectical unity of the dynamic and the static: what ensures reader interest and long life of printed books in the historical time and what makes the mobile superstructure adapting the book culture to the changing environment and expanding its life. The author emphasizes that the book culture subject-object and subject categories, i.e. the humans and books/documents, take up the more stable and static positions. The book culture stability is manifested through its autonomy and persistence within the changing historical and cultural landscape (homeostasis, autopoiesis, and self-referencing). The dynamics is manifested in the processes of organization, disorganization and self-reorganization. The author substantiates that the World Wide Web enforces the fundamentals of the printed books and printed word; the functionality of libraries is to change in the future as they will be functioning both offline and online. These factors will influence the book culture and give rise to its new forms and contents. The technological era challenges the human ecosystem. The deep processes have been changing the book culture. However, the inevitability of the process must not be overestimated. Being analyzed and interpreted, the process can be managed.