Rules-Based System for Writing Arabic Numerals in Indonesian Words

One of the algorithms stored in natural intelligence is the writing of Arabic numerals in Indonesian words. Algorithms in naturals intelligence are not easy to find. This problem gave us an idea to create artificial intelligence that tries to mimic natural intelligence algorithms. The proposed algorithm for building artificial intelligence is an R-Z rule-based system. This rule-based system contains a knowledge base of R-Z rules and a knowledge base of facts. In the knowledge base, the R-Z rule provides the R rule and the Z rule, while the facts knowledge base provides facts in the form of a definite standard number and an affix word. R-Z rule-based system for reasoning writing Arabic numerals in Indonesian words uses forward chaining. Artificial intelligence designs that mimic naturals intelligence in writing numbers in Indonesian words were made in C using Borland C++ 5.02 software. The experimental results show that by applying the R's rule of seven rules and Z's of twenty-five rules, the R-Z rule-based system can write Arabic numerals in Indonesian words from Arabic numerals "0" to Arabic numerals "9999999". For example, to write the Arabic number "10" in Indonesian words, the R-Z rule-based system starts with the R2 rule. Rule R2 takes action on Z3 to create new facts about Arabic numerals in the Indonesian word, namely "SEPULUH."

A Novel Approach to Spoken Arabic Number Recognition Based on Developed Ant Lion Algorithm

Intelligent spoken system is constructed to recognize numbers spoken in Arabic language by different people. Series of operations are performed on audio sound file as pre-processing stages. A novel approach is applied to extract features of audio files called Max Mean Log to reduce audio file dimensions in an efficient manner. Several stages of initial processing are used to prepare the file for the next step of the recognition process. The recognition process begins with the use of Antlion’s advanced intelligence algorithm to determine the type of the spoken number in Arabic and later convert it to a visual text that represents the value of the spoken number. The current proposal method is relatively fast and very effective. The percentage of recognizing numbers spoken by the proposed algorithm is 99%. For 1,800 different audio files, the error rate was 1%. Additional 40 audio files were used that are different from people’s original dataset. Due to an additional examination of the system and its ability to recognize the audio file, the rate of discrimination for such files was 72.5%.

Further insights into the operation of the Chinese number system: Competing effects of Arabic and Mandarin number formats

Here we report the results of a speeded relative quantity task with Chinese participants. On each trial a single numeral (the probe) was presented and the instructions were to respond as to whether it signified a quantity less than or greater than five (the standard). In separate blocks of trials, the numerals were presented either in Mandarin or in Arabic number formats. In addition to the standard influence of numerical distance, a significant predictor of performance was the degree of physical similarity between the probe and the standard as depicted in Mandarin. Additionally, competing effects of physical similarity, defined in terms of the Arabic number format, were also found. Critically the size of these different effects of physical similarity varied systematically across individuals such that larger effects of one compensated for smaller effects of the other. It is argued that the data favor accounts of processing that assume that different number formats access different format-specific representations of quantities. Moreover, for Chinese participants the default is to translate numerals into a Mandarin format prior to accessing quantity information. The efficacy of this translation process is itself influenced by a competing tendency to carry out a translation into Arabic format.

The Effectiveness of Direct Method in Arabic Language Learning

Understanding of arithmetic students in Arabic learning is still low. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Direct Method in learning Arabic number material in Arabic understanding Arithmetic Students. The approach used is experimental research approach with Posttest-Only Control Design. The population and sample of the study were determined through the Random Sampling technique. Analysis of the data used included normality test, homogeneity test, average similarity test, completeness test, and comparative test. (1) the arithmetic understanding of students taught by the Direct Method in learning ‘Adad dan Ma’dud material can exceed the Standard of Minimum Mastery (KKM) of 76,87, (2) the arithmetic understanding of students taught by the Direct Method is 76,87 higher than from the conventional models 65,32. Then it can be concluded that the Direct Method is effective in understanding arithmetic in learning ‘Adad dan Ma’dud material. The novelty of this research is that using the Direct Method can facilitate a direct understanding of 'adad and ma'dud.This research contributes in Arabic teaching by using the Direct Method in the material 'Adad and Ma'dud to improve students' arithmetic understanding.

Multilingual two-digit number naming: The influence of composition rules on language switching

The aim of this study was to examine language switching in a two-digit number naming task. In contrast to single digits, two-digit numbers have a composition rule (i.e., morphological configuration) that may differ between languages. For example, the Arabic number 21 is read with an inverted composition rule in German (unit before decade) and a non-inverted composition rule in English (decade before unit). In the present experiment, one group of German native speakers and one group of Spanish native speakers had to name two-digit numbers in German, English, or Spanish. The results demonstrate a language-switch cost, revealing better performance in language repetition than in language-switch trials. This switch cost was further modulated by repeating or switching the composition rule, since the language repetition benefit (i.e., the switch cost) was reduced in trials with composition-rule switches compared with trials with composition-rule repetitions. This finding indicates that the language in which the number word has to be produced and its composition rule are not switched independently but rather may be integrated into one language schema.

Arabic number writing in children with developmental dyslexia

Number transcoding is a basic numerical processing task that demands verbal skills during its execution. The goal of this study was to investigate number transcoding ability in children with developmental dyslexia. Twenty-three children with typical development and twenty-six children with developmental dyslexia participated in this study. Results showed that children with dyslexia show a deficit in phonological processing as well as in number transcoding. Repeated-measures analysis of covariance indicated that the dyslexia group presented performance below the average in the number transcoding. Regression analyses indicated that short-term verbal memory, phoneme deletion, rhyme judgment task and automatized naming was a strong predictor of number transcoding difficulties. Children with dyslexia present number transcoding deficits regardless of age and educational level.