Controls of CO2sources and sinks in the Earth scale surface ocean: Temperature and nutrients

Abstract The obtained numerous proofs of hot heterogeneous accretion of the Earth lead to a fundamentally new solution to the problems of genesis and evolution of magmas. According to these data, the Earth’s core was formed earlier than the silicate mantle as a result of the agglutination of iron particles of the protoplanetary disk under the influence of magnetic forces, because with a small body size, these forces were billions of times more powerful thangravitational ones. The accretion of the silicate mantle created a global magmatic ocean under the influence of impact heat release. Its bottom part crystallized and fractionated as a result of the pressure increase of the formed upper parts. Cumulates formed the ultrabasic mantle, and residual melts formed the magmatic ocean. The increase in ocean temperature and depth caused the evolution of bottom residual melts from acidic to ultrabasic, the appearance of corresponding layers in the ocean, and the reverse geothermal gradient in the mantle. As a result of the cooling and crystallization of the ocean from top to bottom after 3.8 billion years ago early Precambrian crystal complexes, acidic crust, and the lithosphere of ancient platforms were formed. The separation of residual melts from various layers caused the evolution of magmatism on them from acidic to akaline-ultramafic and kimberlite. Heating of the mantle by a high-temperature core led to the appearance of a direct geothermal gradient at the end of the Proterozoic, convection in the mantle, and modern geodynamic environments. In them, magmas are formed by the frictional and decompression melting of the differentiates of the magmatic ocean.

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Marine iodine emissions in a changing world

Proceedings of The Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspa.2020.0824 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 477 (2247) ◽

pp. 20200824

Author(s):

Lucy J. Carpenter ◽

Rosie J. Chance ◽

Tomás Sherwen ◽

Thomas J. Adams ◽

Stephen M. Ball ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Radiative Forcing ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Biogeochemical Cycle ◽

Surface Ocean ◽

The Past ◽

The Earth ◽

Tropospheric Photochemistry ◽

Fresh Perspective ◽

Global Cycle

Iodine is a critical trace element involved in many diverse and important processes in the Earth system. The importance of iodine for human health has been known for over a century, with low iodine in the diet being linked to goitre, cretinism and neonatal death. Research over the last few decades has shown that iodine has significant impacts on tropospheric photochemistry, ultimately impacting climate by reducing the radiative forcing of ozone (O 3 ) and air quality by reducing extreme O 3 concentrations in polluted regions. Iodine is naturally present in the ocean, predominantly as aqueous iodide and iodate. The rapid reaction of sea-surface iodide with O 3 is believed to be the largest single source of gaseous iodine to the atmosphere. Due to increased anthropogenic O 3 , this release of iodine is believed to have increased dramatically over the twentieth century, by as much as a factor of 3. Uncertainties in the marine iodine distribution and global cycle are, however, major constraints in the effective prediction of how the emissions of iodine and its biogeochemical cycle may change in the future or have changed in the past. Here, we present a synthesis of recent results by our team and others which bring a fresh perspective to understanding the global iodine biogeochemical cycle. In particular, we suggest that future climate-induced oceanographic changes could result in a significant change in aqueous iodide concentrations in the surface ocean, with implications for atmospheric air quality and climate.

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Free Oscillations of the Earth Climate System: A Theory of the 100 kyr Climate Cycle

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0260305500009137 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 346

Author(s):

R.M. MacKay ◽

M.A.K. Khalil

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Nonlinear Differential Equations ◽

Radiation Balance ◽

Unit Surface Area ◽

Ocean Temperature ◽

Free Oscillations ◽

The Earth ◽

Climate Cycle ◽

Unit Surface ◽

The Mean

A physically plausible theory of the 100 kyr climate cycle is proposed. Free oscillations between the mean ocean temperature and the marine ice-margin colatitude are shown to exist without requiring orbital forcing. It is shown that the curvature of the Earth causes two effects: (1) as the marine ice margin grows towards the equator, the net emmision of radiation (solar and terrestrial) per unit surface area increases; and (2) as the poleward extent of the ocean decreases, the net absorption of radiation per unit surface area increases. These radiation balance considerations, included with a realistic meridional transport of energy from the ocean to the marine-ice region and an atmospheric feedback process enhancing the ocean warming, are combined to form two nonlinear differential equations coupling the mean ocean temperature with the marine-ice margin colatitude. Using physically realistic parameters we are able to reproduce the major features of the 100 kyr climate cycle. This can be seen from Figure I which shows the δ18O record as given by Imbrie and others (1984), plotted against the model output. In addition we have found that the parameters used to obtain the general features of the ice-volume record also predict temperature “spikes” (1 to 2 K. above average) of relatively short duration (5 to 10 kyr) in the mean ocean temperature. We find that there is good qualitative agreement between the model's predicted mean ocean temperature and the estimation of summer sea-surface temperature at RC11-120 presented by Martinson and others (1987).

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Near-surface ocean temperature

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres ◽

10.1029/2004jc002689 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 111 (C2) ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

B. Ward

Keyword(s):

Ocean Temperature ◽

Near Surface ◽

Surface Ocean

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The Little Ice Age and 20th-century deep Pacific cooling

Science ◽

10.1126/science.aar8413 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 363 (6422) ◽

pp. 70-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

G. Gebbie ◽

P. Huybers

Keyword(s):

Long Memory ◽

Little Ice Age ◽

Deep Ocean ◽

Ocean Model ◽

Ice Age ◽

Ocean Temperature ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Surface Ocean ◽

Proxy Records ◽

Temperature Trends

Proxy records show that before the onset of modern anthropogenic warming, globally coherent cooling occurred from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age. The long memory of the ocean suggests that these historical surface anomalies are associated with ongoing deep-ocean temperature adjustments. Combining an ocean model with modern and paleoceanographic data leads to a prediction that the deep Pacific is still adjusting to the cooling going into the Little Ice Age, whereas temperature trends in the surface ocean and deep Atlantic reflect modern warming. This prediction is corroborated by temperature changes identified between the HMS Challenger expedition of the 1870s and modern hydrography. The implied heat loss in the deep ocean since 1750 CE offsets one-fourth of the global heat gain in the upper ocean.

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Carbon isotopes characterize rapid changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide during the last deglaciation

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1513868113 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 113 (13) ◽

pp. 3465-3470 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Thomas K. Bauska ◽

Daniel Baggenstos ◽

Edward J. Brook ◽

Alan C. Mix ◽

Shaun A. Marcott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Biological Pump ◽

Ocean Temperature ◽

Last Deglaciation ◽

Surface Ocean ◽

Stable Isotopic ◽

Rapid Changes ◽

The Last Deglaciation ◽

Taylor Glacier ◽

Equal Contribution

An understanding of the mechanisms that control CO2 change during glacial–interglacial cycles remains elusive. Here we help to constrain changing sources with a high-precision, high-resolution deglacial record of the stable isotopic composition of carbon in CO2 (δ13C-CO2) in air extracted from ice samples from Taylor Glacier, Antarctica. During the initial rise in atmospheric CO2 from 17.6 to 15.5 ka, these data demarcate a decrease in δ13C-CO2, likely due to a weakened oceanic biological pump. From 15.5 to 11.5 ka, the continued atmospheric CO2 rise of 40 ppm is associated with small changes in δ13C-CO2, consistent with a nearly equal contribution from a further weakening of the biological pump and rising ocean temperature. These two trends, related to marine sources, are punctuated at 16.3 and 12.9 ka with abrupt, century-scale perturbations in δ13C-CO2 that suggest rapid oxidation of organic land carbon or enhanced air–sea gas exchange in the Southern Ocean. Additional century-scale increases in atmospheric CO2 coincident with increases in atmospheric CH4 and Northern Hemisphere temperature at the onset of the Bølling (14.6–14.3 ka) and Holocene (11.6–11.4 ka) intervals are associated with small changes in δ13C-CO2, suggesting a combination of sources that included rising surface ocean temperature.

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Генезис магм с позиции горячей гетерогенной аккреции Земли

Bulletin of the North-East Science Center ◽

10.34078/1814-0998-2021-2-41-49 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 41-49

Author(s):

V. S. Shkodzinskiy ◽

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Geothermal Gradient ◽

Heat Emission ◽

Ocean Temperature ◽

Top Down ◽

Bottom Part ◽

Early Precambrian ◽

The Earth ◽

The Impact ◽

Magmatic Ocean

The obtained numerous proofs of hot heterogeneous accretion of the Earth lead to a fundamentally new solution of the magma genesis problem. According to these data, in the course of the silicate mantle accretion, the global magmatic ocean emerged under the impact heat emission. Its bottom part crystallized and fractionated as a result of the pressure increase of the upper parts being formed. Cumulates formed the ultrabasic mantle; residual melts, the magmatic ocean. The increase in ocean temperature and depth caused the evolution of bottom residual melts from acidic to ultrabasic, the appearance of corresponding layers in the ocean, and the reverse geothermal gradient in the mantle. The top-down cooling and crystallization of the ocean, 3.8 billion years ago, Early Precambrian crystal complexes, acidic crust, and the lithosphere of ancient platforms were formed. The separation of residual melts from various layers determined the evolution of magmatism from acidic to alkaline-ultramafic and kimberlite. Heating of the mantle by a high-temperature core resulted in the appearance of a direct geothermal gradient at the end of the Proterozoic, convection in the mantle, and modern geodynamic environments. In the latter, magmas are formed by the frictional and decompression remelting of the magmatic ocean differentiates.

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