Realist versus instrumentalist approaches to clarifying the conditions for orienting response habituation.

An operant conditioning discrimination paradigm was evaluated in terms of relationships between response behavior of young children and two stimulus components of the paradigm, the discriminative stimulus (DS) and the reinforcing stimulus (RS). Experiment I measured response performance in normal 1-year-old subjects as a function of differences in intensity and/or complexity among three DSs. Results showed no significant differences in conditioning rate, habituation, or consistency of the conditioned response relative to variable properties of the DS. Experiment II examined response performance of normal 2-year-old children as a function of two modifications in the RS, reinforcement schedule and reinforcement novelty. Subjects reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule of intermittent reinforcement and subjects reinforced on a 100% schedule demonstrated equivalent response habituation and consistency. In the second part of the experiment, subjects receiving novel RSs showed significantly greater response recovery than subjects reinforced with familiar RSs. Comparison of normal 1- and 2-year-old children revealed similar rates of conditioning and response consistency. However, 2-year-olds habituated more rapidly than 1-year-olds.

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Application of Information Introduced to Dynamic Message Processing and Enjoyment

Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications ◽

10.1027/1864-1105/a000195 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 196-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Byungho Park ◽

Rachel L. Bailey

Keyword(s):

Resource Allocation ◽

Recognition Memory ◽

Emotional Processing ◽

Orienting Response ◽

Structural Features ◽

Cognitive Resources ◽

Coding System ◽

Message Complexity ◽

Cognitive Resource ◽

Cognitive Overload

Abstract. In an effort to quantify message complexity in such a way that predictions regarding the moment-to-moment cognitive and emotional processing of viewers would be made, Lang and her colleagues devised the coding system information introduced (or ii). This coding system quantifies the number of structural features that are known to consume cognitive resources and considers it in combination with the number of camera changes (cc) in the video, which supply additional cognitive resources owing to their elicitation of an orienting response. This study further validates ii using psychophysiological responses that index cognitive resource allocation and recognition memory. We also pose two novel hypotheses regarding the confluence of controlled and automatic processing and the effect of cognitive overload on enjoyment of messages. Thirty television advertisements were selected from a pool of 172 (all 20 s in length) based on their ii/cc ratio and ratings for their arousing content. Heart rate change over time showed significant deceleration (indicative of increased cognitive resource allocation) for messages with greater ii/cc ratios. Further, recognition memory worsened as ii/cc increased. It was also found that message complexity increases both automatic and controlled allocations to processing, and that the most complex messages may have created a state of cognitive overload, which was received as enjoyable by the participants in this television context.

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Relationships Between Orienting Response Level, Conditioners, and Voluntary Responders

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e465422008-016 ◽

1971 ◽

Author(s):

John A. Allen

Keyword(s):

Orienting Response ◽

Response Level

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Primacy Effect in Orienting Responses to Auditory Stimuli of Tones and Music

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1976.42.3.919 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 919-928 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eleanor B. Simon

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Orienting Response ◽

Primacy Effect ◽

Factorial Experiment ◽

Auditory Stimuli ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

Soft Or ◽

Interstimulus Intervals ◽

Music Stimulus

This 26 factorial experiment investigated the primacy effect in the orienting response. The type of stimuli (tone or “music”), stimulus intensities (loud or soft), length of adaptation period (same, 5 or 30 sec.; or different, 5 min.), interstimulus intervals (5 or 30 sec.), and sex were studied. College students, 32 males and 32 females were randomly assigned to each group. In the same condition, the tone (or music) was soft (or loud) for 5 sec. (or 30 sec.) in adaptation and was then changed alternately without interruption to loud, soft, etc. (or soft, loud, etc.) for 5 sec. (or 30 sec.). The different condition was identical except for the length of the adaptation period in which the stimuli sounded continuously for 5 min. Analyses of the GSR manifestation of the orienting responses indicated: (a) an over-all primacy effect with the auditory stimuli and (b) the primacy effect occurred in the 5-sec.-same but not in the 30-sec.-same condition as predicted.

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Heart-rate change as a component of the orienting response.

Psychological Bulletin ◽

10.1037/h0023258 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 65 (5) ◽

pp. 305-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 666

Author(s):

Frances K. Graham ◽

Rachel K. Clifton

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Orienting Response ◽

Heart Rate Change ◽

Rate Change

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