Application of Information Introduced to Dynamic Message Processing and Enjoyment

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byungho Park ◽  
Rachel L. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Orienting Response ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Message Complexity ◽  
Cognitive Resource ◽  
Cognitive Overload

Abstract. In an effort to quantify message complexity in such a way that predictions regarding the moment-to-moment cognitive and emotional processing of viewers would be made, Lang and her colleagues devised the coding system information introduced (or ii). This coding system quantifies the number of structural features that are known to consume cognitive resources and considers it in combination with the number of camera changes (cc) in the video, which supply additional cognitive resources owing to their elicitation of an orienting response. This study further validates ii using psychophysiological responses that index cognitive resource allocation and recognition memory. We also pose two novel hypotheses regarding the confluence of controlled and automatic processing and the effect of cognitive overload on enjoyment of messages. Thirty television advertisements were selected from a pool of 172 (all 20 s in length) based on their ii/cc ratio and ratings for their arousing content. Heart rate change over time showed significant deceleration (indicative of increased cognitive resource allocation) for messages with greater ii/cc ratios. Further, recognition memory worsened as ii/cc increased. It was also found that message complexity increases both automatic and controlled allocations to processing, and that the most complex messages may have created a state of cognitive overload, which was received as enjoyable by the participants in this television context.

Identifying Structural Features of Audio

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 168-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Potter ◽  
Annie Lang ◽  
Paul D. Bolls
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Structural Feature ◽  
Orienting Response ◽  
Structural Features

This study tested the ability of nine different auditory structural features to elicit orienting responses from radio listeners. It further tested the effect of the orienting response on listeners’ memory for information presented immediately following the orienting-eliciting structural feature. Results show that listeners do have significant decelerating cardiac patterns suggestive of orienting for eight of the nine features. Taken as a categorical whole, these features also increase recognition memory for the information presented after their onset compared to information presented immediately before.

scholarly journals Ramping and phasic dopamine activity accounts for efficient cognitive resource allocation during reinforcement learning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minryung R. Song ◽  
Sang Wan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Temporal Difference ◽  
Value Change ◽  
Cognitive Resource ◽  
A Value ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
And Task

AbstractDopamine activity may transition between two patterns: phasic responses to reward-predicting cues and ramping activity arising when an agent approaches the reward. However, when and why dopamine activity transitions between these modes is not understood. We hypothesize that the transition between ramping and phasic patterns reflects resource allocation which addresses the task dimensionality problem during reinforcement learning (RL). By parsimoniously modifying a standard temporal difference (TD) learning model to accommodate a mixed presentation of both experimental and environmental stimuli, we simulated dopamine transitions and compared it with experimental data from four different studies. The results suggested that dopamine transitions from ramping to phasic patterns as the agent narrows down candidate stimuli for the task; the opposite occurs when the agent needs to re-learn candidate stimuli due to a value change. These results lend insight into how dopamine deals with the tradeoff between cognitive resource and task dimensionality during RL.

Comparison of attentional resource allocation to threat and selfrelevant information: An event-related potentials study

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Guan Wang ◽  
Yuting Liu ◽  
Yuan Fang
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
The Body ◽  
Attentional Resource ◽  
P300 Amplitude ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Information Type

Although previous researchers have shown that attention is preferentially allocated during situations involving both threat and selfrelevant information, it is unclear which information type requires more cognitive resources. We compared the automatic processing of threat and self-relevant stimuli using the no-report oddball paradigm. Participants looked at images on a computer screen that displayed fighting with opponents or interacting with friends or customers. The body action of the person depicted was performed either toward the viewing participant or toward other people. Participants watched without making an explicit response, and event-related potentials were measured with electroencephalography. We found that threat (vs. selfrelevant) information elicited a larger P300 amplitude, and for nonthreatening events the P300 amplitude was larger for self-relevant than other-relevant stimuli. These results indicate that threat (vs. selfrelevant) information demands more cognitive resources, possibly because people prioritize survival.

scholarly journals Theories of Vigilance and the Prospect of Cognitive Restoration

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1639-1643
Author(s):  
Jace Flanagan ◽  
Dan Nathan-Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Resource Theory ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Vigilance Decrement ◽  
Cognitive Resource ◽  
Cognitive Resource Theory ◽  
Rest Breaks ◽  
Active Breaks ◽  
Over Time

Effectively mitigating the vigilance decrement (the decrease in performance on tasks requiring sustained attention over time) is one of the most important human factors problems studied today. Despite this, the underlying theory of vigilance and its failings are still disputed. The two primary theories espoused by researchers today are a cognitive resource theory of vigilance and a mindlessness theory of vigilance. This literature review examines the literature investigating points of conflict between these theories, revealing that the majority of experimental research supports a cognitive resource theory of vigilance. Additionally, we examine research investigating the effect of active rest breaks on cognitive and affective restoration. The literature available on cognitive restoration does not support the suggestion that active rest breaks help restore vigilance-relevant cognitive resources more effectively than passive rest breaks. The research does however, support the proposition that more active rest breaks can reduce stress and increase affect. The potential for increasing worker well-being with more active breaks warrants additional research.

Negative ion treatment increases positive emotional processing in seasonal affective disorder

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1605-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Harmer ◽  
M. Charles ◽  
S. McTavish ◽  
E. Favaron ◽  
P. J. Cowen
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Seasonal Affective Disorder ◽  
Negative Ion ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Seasonal Depression ◽  
Ion Treatment

BackgroundAntidepressant drug treatments increase the processing of positive compared to negative affective information early in treatment. Such effects have been hypothesized to play a key role in the development of later therapeutic responses to treatment. However, it is unknown whether these effects are a common mechanism of action for different treatment modalities. High-density negative ion (HDNI) treatment is an environmental manipulation that has efficacy in randomized clinical trials in seasonal affective disorder (SAD).MethodThe current study investigated whether a single session of HDNI treatment could reverse negative affective biases seen in seasonal depression using a battery of emotional processing tasks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study.ResultsUnder placebo conditions, participants with seasonal mood disturbance showed reduced recognition of happy facial expressions, increased recognition memory for negative personality characteristics and increased vigilance to masked presentation of negative words in a dot-probe task compared to matched healthy controls. Negative ion treatment increased the recognition of positive compared to negative facial expression and improved vigilance to unmasked stimuli across participants with seasonal depression and healthy controls. Negative ion treatment also improved recognition memory for positive information in the SAD group alone. These effects were seen in the absence of changes in subjective state or mood.ConclusionsThese results are consistent with the hypothesis that early change in emotional processing may be an important mechanism for treatment action in depression and suggest that these effects are also apparent with negative ion treatment in seasonal depression.

The effects of self-control on cognitive resource allocation during sustained attention: a transcranial Doppler investigation

2015 ◽  
Vol 233 (7) ◽  
pp. 2215-2223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Becker ◽  
Arielle R. Mandell ◽  
June P. Tangney ◽  
Linda D. Chrosniak ◽  
Tyler H. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Transcranial Doppler ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Cognitive Resource

scholarly journals Effortful Cognitive Resource Allocation and Negative Symptom Severity in Chronic Schizophrenia

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Granholm ◽  
S. P. Verney ◽  
D. Perivoliotis ◽  
T. Miura
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Negative Symptom ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Cognitive Resource

scholarly journals Faster Gaze before Telling Untruthful Narratives

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao S. Hu ◽  
Lunxin Yu ◽  
Xing Fan ◽  
Hark Huang ◽  
Ethan Weare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Demand ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Truth Telling ◽  
Cognitive Resource ◽  
Sensitive Index ◽  
The Difference

Assuming the total cognitive resource available always being the same, lying might require more allocation than telling the truth and thus reduce what is available for gaze movement, resulting in lower gaze velocity. To test this hypothesis, an eye-tracking study was conducted: the participants were preparing, and subsequently telling, a truthful or untruthful narrative. However, the results indicated that gaze velocity was significantly higher when preparing untruthful narratives than truthful narratives. Moreover, gaze velocity was significantly lower when preparing truthful narrative than telling truthful narratives; yet the difference between preparing and telling untruthful narratives was not significant. Therefore, the total cognitive resource available may rise with cognitive demand, and thus individuals may spend more cognitive resources altogether when lying, compared to truth-telling. Also, gaze velocity might be a sensitive index of total cognitive resource available, increasing or decreasing as the occasion demands.

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