Supplemental Material for Reduced Model-Based Decision-Making in Schizophrenia

When making decisions, humans employ different strategies which are commonly formalized as model-free and model-based reinforcement learning. While previous research has reported reduced model-based control with aging, it remains unclear whether this is due to limited cognitive capacities or a reduced willingness to engage in an effortful strategy. Moreover, it is not clear how aging affects the metacontrol of decision making, i.e. the dynamic adaptation of decision-making strategies to varying situational demands. To this end, we tested younger and older adults in a sequential decision-making task that dissociates model-free and model-based control. In contrast to previous research, in this study we applied a task in which model-based control led to higher payoffs in terms of monetary reward. Moreover, we manipulated the costs and benefits associated with model-based control by varying reward magnitude as well as the stability of the task structure. Compared to younger adults, older adults showed reduced reliance on model-based decision making and less adaptation of decision-making strategies to varying costs and benefits of model-based control. Our findings suggest that aging affects the dynamic metacontrol of decision-making strategies and that reduced model-based control in older adults is due to limited cognitive abilities to represent the structure of the task.

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Metacontrol of decision-making strategies in human aging

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.49154 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Florian Bolenz ◽

Wouter Kool ◽

Andrea MF Reiter ◽

Ben Eppinger

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Decision Making ◽

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Reduced Model ◽

Task Structure ◽

Sequential Decision ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Model Based ◽

Model Free

Humans employ different strategies when making decisions. Previous research has reported reduced reliance on model-based strategies with aging, but it remains unclear whether this is due to cognitive or motivational factors. Moreover, it is not clear how aging affects the metacontrol of decision making, that is the dynamic adaptation of decision-making strategies to varying situational demands. In this cross-sectional study, we tested younger and older adults in a sequential decision-making task that dissociates model-free and model-based strategies. In contrast to previous research, model-based strategies led to higher payoffs. Moreover, we manipulated the costs and benefits of model-based strategies by varying reward magnitude and the stability of the task structure. Compared to younger adults, older adults showed reduced model-based decision making and less adaptation of decision-making strategies. Our findings suggest that aging affects the metacontrol of decision-making strategies and that reduced model-based strategies in older adults are due to limited cognitive abilities.

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Reduced model-based decision-making in schizophrenia.

Journal of Abnormal Psychology ◽

10.1037/abn0000164 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 125 (6) ◽

pp. 777-787 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Adam J. Culbreth ◽

Andrew Westbrook ◽

Nathaniel D. Daw ◽

Matthew Botvinick ◽

Deanna M. Barch

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Reduced Model ◽

Model Based

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Extended VIKOR-QUALIFLEX Method Based on Trapezoidal Fuzzy Two-Dimensional Linguistic Information for Multiple Attribute Decision-Making with Unknown Attribute Weight

Mathematics ◽

10.3390/math9010037 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 37

Author(s):

Ye Li ◽

Yisheng Liu

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Qualitative Evaluation ◽

Multiple Attribute Decision Making ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Linguistic Variables ◽

Linguistic Information ◽

Attribute Weight ◽

Model Based ◽

Subjective Weight ◽

Multiple Attribute

Considering the advantages of trapezoid fuzzy two-dimensional linguistic variables (TrF2DLVs), which can not only accurately describe the qualitative evaluation but also use qualitative linguistic variables (LVs) to describe the confidence level of this evaluation in the second dimension, this paper proposes a novel method based on trapezoidal fuzzy two-dimensional linguistic information to solve multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) problems with unknown attribute weight. First, a combination weight model is constructed, which covers a subjective weight determination model based on the proposed trapezoidal fuzzy two-dimensional linguistic best-worst method (TrF2DL-BWM) and an objective weight determination model based on the proposed CRITIC method. Then, in order to accurately rank the alternatives, an extended VIKOR-QUALIFLEX method is proposed, which can measure the concordance index of each ranking combination by means of group utility and individual maximum regret value of each evaluation alternative. Finally, a practical problem of lean management assessment for industrial residential projects is solved by the proposed method, and the effectiveness and advantages of the method are demonstrated by comparative analysis and discussion.

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A non-threshold consensus model based on the minimum cost and maximum consensus-increasing for multi-attribute large group decision-making

Information Fusion ◽

10.1016/j.inffus.2021.07.006 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xiangyu Zhong ◽

Xuanhua Xu ◽

Bin Pan

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Group Decision Making ◽

Group Decision ◽

Minimum Cost ◽

Consensus Model ◽

Large Group ◽

Model Based

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Ordering Artificial Intelligence Based Recommendations to Tackle the SDGs with a Decision-Making Model Based on Surveys

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13116038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 6038

Author(s):

Sergio Alonso ◽

Rosana Montes ◽

Daniel Molina ◽

Iván Palomares ◽

Eugenio Martínez-Cámara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Decision Making ◽

Sustainable Development Goals ◽

Modern Society ◽

Agenda 2030 ◽

Model Based ◽

Development Goals ◽

Sustainability Challenges ◽

New Research ◽

Decision Making Model

The United Nations Agenda 2030 established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a guideline to guarantee a sustainable worldwide development. Recent advances in artificial intelligence and other digital technologies have already changed several areas of modern society, and they could be very useful to reach these sustainable goals. In this paper we propose a novel decision making model based on surveys that ranks recommendations on the use of different artificial intelligence and related technologies to achieve the SDGs. According to the surveys, our decision making method is able to determine which of these technologies are worth investing in to lead new research to successfully tackle with sustainability challenges.

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