Supplemental Material for Factor Analysis and Validation of the Disturbing Dreams and Nightmare Severity Index

Today, over half of the world’s population lives in urban areas and it is projected that, by 2050, two out of three people will live in a city. This increased rural–urban migration, coupled with housing poverty, has led to the growth and formation of informal settlements, commonly known as slums. In Mexico, 25% of the urban population now live in informal settlements with varying degrees of deprivation. Although some informal neighbourhoods have contributed to the upward mobility of the inhabitants, the majority still lack basic services. Mexico City and the conurbation around it form a mega city of 21million people that has been growing in a manner qualified as ‘highly unproductive, (that) deepens inequality, raises pollution levels’ (available at: https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/making-way-urban-reform-mexico/176466/ ) and contains the largest slum in the world: Neza-Chalco-Izta. Urban reforms are now aiming to improve the conditions in these slums and therefore it is very important to have reliable tools to measure the changes that are underway. In this paper, we use exploratory factor analysis to define an index of shelter deprivation in Mexico City, namely the Slum Severity Index (SSI), based on the UN-HABITAT’s definition of slum. We apply this novel approach to the Census survey of Mexico and measure the shelter deprivation levels of households from 1990 to 2010. The analysis highlights high variability in housing conditions within Mexico City. We find that the SSI decreased significantly between 1990 and 2000 as a result of several policy reforms but increased between 2000 and 2010. We also show correlations of the SSI with other social factors such as education, health and fertility. We present a validation of the SSI using Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) features extracted from Very-High Resolution (VHR) remote-sensed satellite images. Finally, we show that the SSI can present a cardinally meaningful assessment of the extent of deprivation compared with a similar index defined by Connolly (Connolly P (2009) Observing the evolution of irregular settlements: Mexico city’s colonias populares, 1990 to 2005. International Development Planning Review 31: 1–35) that studies shelter deprivation in Mexico.

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The Swedish version of the Insomnia Severity Index: Factor structure analysis and psychometric properties in chronic pain patients

Scandinavian Journal of Pain ◽

10.1016/j.sjpain.2015.06.001 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 22-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Elena Dragioti ◽

Tobias Wiklund ◽

Peter Alföldi ◽

Björn Gerdle

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Severity Index ◽

Invariance Property ◽

Insomnia Severity Index ◽

Chronic Pain Patients ◽

Pain Patients ◽

Insomnia Severity

AbstractObjectiveInsomnia is the most commonly diagnosed comorbidity disorder among patients with chronic pain. This circumstance requests brief and valid instruments for screening insomnia in epidemiological studies. The main object of this study was to assess the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Swedish version of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). The ISI is a short instrument designed to measure clinical insomnia and one of the most common used scales both in clinical and research practice. However there is no study in Sweden that guarantees neither its factor structure nor its feasibility in chronic pain patients. We further examined the measurement invariance property of the ISI across the two sexes.MethodsThe ISI was administered to 836 (269 men and 567 women) chronic pain patients from the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation. This study used demographic data, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Mental Summary Component (MSC) of the Health Survey (SF-36) and the item 7 from Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI). The sample was divided into two random halves: exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed in the first sample (N1 = 334, 40%) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in the second half of the sample (N2 = 502, 60%). The measurement and structural invariance of the proposed structure (4-item version) between the two sexes as well as reliability and validity indexes were further assessed.ResultsExploratory factor analysis using the principal axis factoring method generated one global factor structure for the ISI, explaining 63.1% of the total variance. The one factor solution was stable between the two sexes. Principal component analysis was also applied and indicated almost identical results. The structure was further assessed by CFA, resulting in an adequate fit only after omitting three items. The difference on structural and measurement invariance in the loadings by participants’ sex was not significant (Δχ2 = 10.6; df = 3; p = .69 and Δχ2 = 2.86; df = 3; p = 41 respectively). The shorter version four-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI-4) was analysed further. The Chronbach’s alpha for the global ISI-4 score was 0.88. The construct validity of the ISI-4 was also supported by the, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Mental Summary Component of quality of life and quality of sleep data. Pain intensity was significantly associated with the ISI-4 score (beta = .29, p < 001) whereas no significant correlation between four-item Insomnia Severity Index score and age was observed (p > 05).Conclusions and implicationsAlthough short, the four-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI-4) version seemed to effectively assess insomnia in chronic pain patients. An important clinical implication is that the four-item Swedish Insomnia Severity Index can be used in chronic pain cohorts when screening for insomnia problems. Its measurement and structural invariance property across the two sexes shows that the ISI-4 is a valid measure of the insomnia across groups of chronic patients. Our results also suggest its utility both in pain clinical practice and research purposes.

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Factor analysis and validation of the Disturbing Dreams and Nightmare Severity Index.

Dreaming ◽

10.1037/drm0000178 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Courtney J. Bolstad ◽

Erica Szkody ◽

Michael R. Nadorff

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Severity Index

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Validation of the problem gambling severity index using confirmatory factor analysis and rasch modelling

International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research ◽

10.1002/mpr.1392 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 245-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Natalie V. Miller ◽

Shawn R. Currie ◽

David C. Hodgins ◽

David Casey

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Problem Gambling ◽

Severity Index ◽

Rasch Modelling ◽

Problem Gambling Severity Index ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Gambling Severity

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197 Refining the Subjective Assessment of Sleep: An SEM Approach

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab072.196 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. A79-A79

Author(s):

Sahar Sabet ◽

Joseph Dzierzewski ◽

Natalie Dautovich

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Sleep Disturbance ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Community Sample ◽

Severity Index ◽

Subjective Assessment ◽

Self Report ◽

Use Of Time ◽

Daytime Impairment ◽

Using Data

Abstract Introduction Given that sleep is multidimensional, the assessment of sleep requires an examination of a number of different domains. Accordingly, there is an abundance of self-report sleep questionnaires that are widely used for both research and clinical use. The surplus of available measures can be problematic, as it often leads to difficulties in selecting the best measure for a given purpose/context. In addition, the use of multiple measures to assess sleep may be an inefficient use of time and resources if they are not measuring unique constructs. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the factor structure of five sleep measures. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was initially used to evaluate whether each of these scales are measuring different factors of sleep, with follow-up exploratory factor analysis (EFA) as needed. Methods An archival analysis was performed using data from an online study, Investigating Sleep Across Normal Development (ISLAND Study). The sample consisted of 3,284 adults aged 18+. The following measures were utilized: RU SATED, PROMIS Sleep-Related Impairment, Sleep Self-Efficacy, Insomnia Severity Index, and the Sleep Regularity Questionnaire. Results As expected, the CFA model fit was determined to be poor and an EFA was then conducted to assess the factor structure of these scales. The EFA revealed a four-factor structure comprised of 25 items: Sleep-Related Daytime Impairment, Sleep Regularity, Sleep Disturbance, and Sleep-Related Daytime Enhancement. Conclusion The findings from the current study add to the literature supporting the multidimensionality of sleep, as well as the continued need to assess the various facets that comprise this construct. Although the literature supports the utility of these five measures, the present study found that within a community sample, these measures are not entirely unique. Further, the present study extends our knowledge and the literature by revealing a novel factor of sleep – Sleep-Related Daytime Enhancement. It may be worthwhile for researchers and clinicians to consider latent sleep factors that contribute to sleep disturbance and sleep health. Future work is needed to further confirm the observed factor structure and assess the psychometrics of this new scale. Support (if any) National Institute on Aging (K23AG049955, PI: Dzierzewski).

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Construct validity and internal consistency of the Breast Inflammatory Symptom Severity Index in lactating mothers with inflammatory breast conditions

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.12439 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. e12439

Author(s):

Emma Heron ◽

Adelle McArdle ◽

Md Nazmul Karim ◽

Melinda Cooper ◽

Donna Geddes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Construct Validity ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Symptom Severity ◽

Severity Index ◽

Patient Reported Outcome ◽

Retrospective Audit ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

Inflammatory Symptom ◽

Patient Reported

Background Inflammatory Conditions of the Lactating Breast (ICLB) affect more than one in five lactating mothers, yet no fully validated outcome measures exist to aid clinicians in their patient-centred care of women with ICLB. The Breast Inflammatory Symptom Severity Index (BISSI) is an ICLB-specific clinician administered patient-reported outcome measure, currently used by Australian clinicians, who treat mothers with ICLB. To date the BISSI has undergone partial psychometric development. This study, therefore, aimed to undertake the next stage of psychometric development by determining the construct validity and internal consistency of the BISSI. Methods A retrospective audit was conducted on patient records of 160 mothers who were treated for ICLB, at a private physiotherapy practice in Melbourne, Australia. An electronic data capture tool was used to collate BISSI scores and associated ICLB assessment variables. Construct validity was determined through factor analysis and discriminant performance. Reliability was determined by assessing measures of internal consistency. Results Factor analysis established that BISSI items (n = 10) loaded on to four factors, Wellness, Pain, Physical Characteristics of Affected Area (PCAA), and Inflammation, which together, explained 71.2% of variance. The remaining item (‘Wellness/sickness unspecified’) did not load. Wellness, Pain, PCAA and Inflammation factors individually and collectively displayed the ability to discriminate symptom severity, as scores were significantly higher in mothers with high symptom severity (assessed via AUC close to or >0.7 and P value <0.005 for each factor). The BISSI demonstrated internal consistency with an overall Cronbach alpha of 0.742. Conclusions The BISSI has adequate construct validity, demonstrating behaviour consistent with theoretical constructs of inflammation severity, via its dimensionality and ability to discriminate symptom severity. The BISSI also has adequate internal consistency demonstrating reliability. Therefore, clinicians can have confidence that the BISSI is valid, the individual item scores are correlated, and the concepts are consistently measured.

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Using Mindful Attention Awareness Scale on male prisoners: Confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch models

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254333 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. e0254333

Author(s):

Ali Poorebrahim ◽

Chung-Ying Lin ◽

Vida Imani ◽

Shapour Soltankhah Kolvani ◽

Seyed Abbas Alaviyoun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Construct Validity ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Well Being ◽

Severity Index ◽

Mindful Attention ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Mindful Attention Awareness Scale ◽

Male Prisoners

Aim This study tested the construct validity (i.e., factor structure) of the Persian Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) on a sample of male prisoners. Methods All the participants (mean±SD age = 39.44±7.94 years) completed three scales—the Persian MAAS, the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis with differential item functioning (DIF) were applied to examine the construct validity of the MAAS. Specifically, the DIF was tested across different insomnia status (using ISI with a cutoff of 15), psychiatric well-being status (using GHQ-12 with a cutoff of 12), and age (using mean age of 39.44 as the cutoff). Results The CFA results showed a single factor solution for the Persian MAAS. The Rasch results showed all MAAS items fit in the construct (infit mean square [MnSq] = 0.72 to 1.41; outfit MnSq = 0.74 to 1.39) without displaying DIF items (DIF contrast = -0.34 to 0.31 for insomnia condition; -0.22 to 0.25 for psychiatric well-being; -0.26 to 0.29 for age). Conclusions The Persian version of the MAAS is, therefore, a valid instrument to measure mindfulness among Iranian male prisoners.

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Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Insomnia Severity Index in Mainland China

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.6639 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 209-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rong-Mao Lin ◽

Shan-Shan Xie ◽

Wen-Jing Yan ◽

You-Wei Yan

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Severity Index ◽

Internal Reliability ◽

Mainland Chinese ◽

Insomnia Severity Index ◽

Multiple Group ◽

Chinese Undergraduates ◽

Insomnia Severity

We explored the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) using 3 samples totaling 2,066 Mainland Chinese undergraduates. All participants completed the ISI and Sample 2 completed 3 other related measures. Their responses were processed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and multiple group analyses. The EFA results revealed a 2-factor structure, whereas the CFA results supported a 3-factor solution, the latter of which was further confirmed by the results of multiple group analyses. The Chinese version of the ISI had a satisfactory Cronbach's alpha coefficient of internal reliability, 2-week test–retest reliability, and criterion validity. Overall, we found that the ISI is a reliable, valid, and psychometrically sound measure of insomnia for use with Mainland Chinese undergraduates.

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