The Effects of Ovulatory Cycle Phase and Hormonal Contraceptive Use on Changes in Perceived Exertion and Pain During Exercise

This systematic literature review aimed to determine the protein requirements of pre-menopausal (e.g., 18–45 years) female athletes and identify if the menstrual cycle phase and/or hormonal contraceptive use influence protein requirements. Four databases were searched for original research containing pre-menopausal female athletes that ingested protein alongside exercise. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist was used to determine study quality. Fourteen studies, which included 204 recreationally active or competitive females, met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review, and all were assessed as positive quality. The estimated average requirement (EAR) for protein intake of pre-menopausal recreational and/or competitive female athletes is similar for those undertaking aerobic endurance (1.28–1.63 g/kg/day), resistance (1.49 g/kg/day) and intermittent exercise (1.41 g/kg/day) of ~60–90 min duration. The optimal acute protein intake and influence of menstrual cycle phase or hormonal contraceptive use on protein requirements could not be determined. However, pre- and post-exercise protein intakes of 0.32–0.38 g/kg have demonstrated beneficial physiological responses in recreational and competitive female athletes completing resistance and intermittent exercise. The protein requirements outlined in this review can be used for planning and assessing protein intakes of recreational and competitive pre-menopausal female athletes.

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Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Cycle Phase Effects on Competitive Persistence: Progesterone as a Mediating Mechanism (Stage 1 Registered Report)

10.31234/osf.io/vn8zu ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kathleen V Casto ◽

Khandis Blake ◽

Lindsie Arthur-Hulme

Keyword(s):

Psychological Functioning ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

Test Group ◽

Hormonal Contraceptive ◽

Cycle Phase ◽

Social Psychological ◽

The Social ◽

High Doses ◽

Stage 1 ◽

Psychological Risks

Objectives: Increasing evidence suggests that hormonal contraceptive (HC) use adversely effects psychological functioning and competitiveness. HCs expose women to consistently high doses of synthetic progesterone, a hormone that fluctuates across the natural menstrual cycle. We propose to test group differences in competitive persistence between HC users, naturally cycling (NC) women in their low progesterone phase, and NC women in their high progesterone phase. Additionally, we will test salivary progesterone among NC women as a mediator of phase effects on competitiveness.Method: Pre-screening will identify HC users, and naturally cycling women at the two cycle phases. Participants will provide a sample of saliva and complete two behavioral competitiveness tasks. Covariates will also be collected.Predicted Results: We predict that follicular phase NC women will demonstrate longer competitive persistence compared to luteal phase NC women and HC users. Progesterone will positively mediate the effect of cycle phase on competitive persistence among NC women. Conclusions: This research will address the effects of HC use, cycle phase, and progesterone levels on competitive behavior in women. The outcome may be an artifact of female reproductive physiology that is likely adaptive, but potentially detrimental to women’s social and occupational advancement, raising concerns about the social-psychological risks of HC use.

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Diurnal and circadian variation of sleep and alertness in men vs. naturally cycling women

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1524484113 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 113 (39) ◽

pp. 10980-10985 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Diane B. Boivin ◽

Ari Shechter ◽

Philippe Boudreau ◽

Esmot Ara Begum ◽

Ng Mien Kwong Ng Ying-Kin

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Sleep Disturbances ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

Core Body Temperature ◽

Night Shift ◽

Circadian Variation ◽

Hormonal Contraceptive ◽

Cycle Phase ◽

Physiological Basis ◽

Subjective Alertness

This study quantifies sex differences in the diurnal and circadian variation of sleep and waking while controlling for menstrual cycle phase and hormonal contraceptive use. We compared the diurnal and circadian variation of sleep and alertness of 8 women studied during two phases of the menstrual cycle and 3 women studied during their midfollicular phase with that of 15 men. Participants underwent an ultradian sleep–wake cycle (USW) procedure consisting of 36 cycles of 60-min wake episodes alternating with 60-min nap opportunities. Core body temperature (CBT), salivary melatonin, subjective alertness, and polysomnographically recorded sleep were measured throughout this procedure. All analyzed measures showed a significant diurnal and circadian variation throughout the USW procedure. Compared with men, women demonstrated a significant phase advance of the CBT but not melatonin rhythms, as well as an advance in the diurnal and circadian variation of sleep measures and subjective alertness. Furthermore, women experienced an increased amplitude of the diurnal and circadian variation of alertness, mainly due to a larger decline in the nocturnal nadir. Our results indicate that women are likely initiating sleep at a later circadian phase than men, which may be one factor contributing to the increased susceptibility to sleep disturbances reported in women. Lower nighttime alertness is also observed, suggesting a physiological basis for a greater susceptibility to maladaptation to night shift work in women.

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Prefrontal GABA concentration changes in women—Influence of menstrual cycle phase, hormonal contraceptive use, and correlation with premenstrual symptoms

Brain Research ◽

10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.051 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1597 ◽

pp. 129-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Timo De Bondt ◽

Frank De Belder ◽

Floris Vanhevel ◽

Yves Jacquemyn ◽

Paul M. Parizel

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

Hormonal Contraceptive ◽

Cycle Phase ◽

Menstrual Cycle Phase ◽

Gaba Concentration ◽

Premenstrual Symptoms ◽

Concentration Changes

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ECTOPIC PREGNANCY WITH ACCEPTOR IMPLANT

JOURNAL OBGIN EMAS ◽

10.25077/aogj.3.1.48-55.2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 48-55

Author(s):

Putri Zelfitri Zen ◽

Yusrawati Yusrawati

Keyword(s):

Ectopic Pregnancy ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

Abdominal Cavity ◽

Uterine Cavity ◽

Hormonal Contraceptive ◽

Obstetrics And Gynecology

Objective: To report a case of Ectopic pregnancy with implant receptorsMaterials and Methods: This article describes the case of a 41-year-old woman, diagnosed with an Ectopic Pregnancy on the gravid G5P4A0H4 11-12 weeks. Patients are using implant contraception, which has been used since 2009-2018 (3 installations). The patient came to the obstetrics and gynecology clinic Dr. M. Djamil Padang. The ultrasound gives the impression of Ectopic pregnancy in the infindibule tube. Analysis Ectopic pregnancy can also occur due to the influence of hormonal contraceptive use (progesterone).Results: Patient gets intervention performed laparotomy After the peritoneum is opened it appears fresh red blood amounting to ± 500 cc filling the abdominal cavity. Blood evacuation and exploration are performed, it appears that the source of bleeding originates from the left tubal rupture (Infundibulum) Impression of the left tubal rupture (Infundibulum) ecectic ectopic pregnancy is impaired. Sinistal salpingectomy is performed.Conclusion: Ectopic pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy is all pregnancies where the ovum fertilized by spermatozoa implant and grows outside the uterine cavity endometrial.

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