Instrumental escape conditioning in a water tank: Effects of constant reinforcement at different levels of drive stimulus intensity.

1966 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Woods ◽  
Charles H. Holland
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Escape Conditioning ◽  
Different Levels

Instrumental Escape Conditioning in a Water Tank: Preliminary Report

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Escape Conditioning

Rats must learn to swim down a tank of water, and motivation (drive stimulus intensity) is manipulated by means of the water temperature. Reinforcement (reduction in drive stimulus intensity) is manipulated independently by means of the differential temperature between the alley tank and a separate goal tank. The purpose of this note is to generally describe the technique and indicate its usefulness for the study of instrumental escape conditioning.

Attenuation of Experimental Pain by Tactile Stimulation: Effect of Vibration at Different Levels of Noxious Stimulus Intensity

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Blitz ◽  
Albert J. Dinnerstein ◽  
Milton Lowenthal
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Noxious Stimulus ◽  
Noxious Stimulation ◽  
Vibratory Stimulus ◽  
Vibratory Stimulation ◽  
Electric Shocks ◽  
Different Levels

The present study was concerned with the masking and pain-attenuating effect of vibration at different levels of intensity of noxious stimulation. Forty Ss were given noxious stimulation in the form of increasingly painful electric shocks in trials where such shocks were presented with and without concurrent vibratory stimulation. The masking or pain-attenuating effect of the vibration was greatest at the lowest level of noxious stimulus intensity and decreased as the noxious stimulation intensity increased. At the highest level of noxious stimulation the effect of vibration was not significant although there was a tendency for Ss with higher pain tolerance to show summation. The possible relevance of the intensity of the vibratory stimulus to this pattern of results was discussed.

Water Tank Apparatus for Instrumental Escape Conditioning

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Escape Conditioning ◽  
Small Laboratory ◽  
Precise Control

An alley and goal tank are connected to separate reservoirs containing constant temperature circulating units. These units allow automatic and precise control of water temperature which is used to manipulate drive and reinforcement with small laboratory animals.

Sensation Seeking and Subjective Unpleasantness Ratings of Stimulus Intensity

2002 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 706-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Neely ◽  
Ronnie Lundström ◽  
Bertil Björkvist
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Intensity Change ◽  
Sensory Intensity ◽  
Sensation Seeking Scale ◽  
Different Levels

Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale measures tendency to seek novel, varied, complex, and intense sensations and experiences and the willingness to take risks for the sake of such experiences. In this study, the subjective experience of sensory intensity change was explored by asking six high and six low sensation seekers to expose themselves to a combined sound and vibration stimulus that increased in intensity until one of three different levels of subjective unpleasantness was reached. Analysis showed that high sensation seekers consistently exposed themselves to longer periods of stimulation and thus higher intensities.

Reflex Responses in Upper Limb Muscles to Cutaneous Stimuli

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (04) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Cutaneous Reflexes ◽  
Focal Lesions ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Conduction Velocities ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
Biphasic Responses

ABSTRACT:Cutaneous reflexes in the upper limb were elicited by stimulating digital nerves and recorded by averaging rectified EMG from proximal and distal upper limb muscles during voluntary contraction. Distal muscles often showed a triphasic response: an inhibition with onset about 50 ms (Il) followed by a facilitation with onset about 60 ms (E2) followed by another inhibition with onset about 80 ms (12). Proximal muscles generally showed biphasic responses beginning with facilitation or inhibition with onset at about 40 ms. Normal ranges for the amplitude of these components were established from recordings on 22 arms of 11 healthy subjects. An attempt was made to determine the alterent fibers responsible for the various components by varying the stimulus intensity, by causing ischemic block of larger fibers and by estimating the afferent conduction velocities. The central pathways mediating these reflexes were examined by estimating central delays and by studying patients with focal lesions

Dependence of Intergranular Fracture on Boundary Topography and Cohesion

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
J. E. Doherty ◽  
A. F. Giamei ◽  
B. H. Kear ◽  
C. W. Steinke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Nickel Base Superalloy ◽  
Boundary Shear ◽  
Room Temperature Ductility ◽  
Solid Solution Matrix ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Solution Matrix ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Base Superalloy

Recently we have been investigating a class of nickel-base superalloys which possess substantial room temperature ductility. This improvement in ductility is directly related to improvements in grain boundary strength due to increased boundary cohesion through control of detrimental impurities and improved boundary shear strength by controlled grain boundary micros true tures.For these investigations an experimental nickel-base superalloy was doped with different levels of sulphur impurity. The micros tructure after a heat treatment of 1360°C for 2 hr, 1200°C for 16 hr consists of coherent precipitates of γ’ Ni3(Al,X) in a nickel solid solution matrix.

Immunoenzymatic demonstration of the simultaneous presence of transferrin, hemopexin and albumin in a same hepatocyte and their ultrastructural localization

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-89
Author(s):  
M. Kraemer ◽  
J. Foucrier ◽  
J. Vassy ◽  
M.T. Chalumeau
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Ultrastructural Localization ◽  
Carrier Proteins ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Adult Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Monospecific Antisera ◽  
Different Levels

Some authors using immunofluorescent techniques had already suggested that some hepatocytes are able to synthetize several plasma proteins. In vitro studies on normal cells or on cells issued of murine hepatomas raise the same conclusion. These works could be indications of an hepatocyte functionnal non-specialization, meanwhile the authors never give direct topographic proofs suitable with this hypothesis.The use of immunoenzymatic techniques after obtention of monospecific antisera had seemed to us useful to bring forward a better knowledge of this problem. We have studied three carrier proteins (transferrin = Tf, hemopexin = Hx, albumin = Alb) operating at different levels in iron metabolism by demonstrating and localizing the adult rat hepatocytes involved in their synthesis.Immunological, histological and ultrastructural methods have been described in a previous work.

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