Appeal, subjective effects, and relative reinforcing effects of JUUL that vary in flavor and nicotine content.

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-287
Author(s):  
Lauren R. Pacek ◽  
Rachel V. Kozink ◽  
Christiane E. Carson ◽  
F. Joseph McClernon
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Reinforcing Effects

scholarly journals Potential Moderating Effects of Sex/Gender on the Acute Relative Reinforcing and Subjective Effects of Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Vulnerable Populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 878-884
Author(s):  
Joanna M Streck ◽  
Danielle R Davis ◽  
Raina D Pang ◽  
Stacey C Sigmon ◽  
Janice Y Bunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Smoking Addiction ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Reinforcing Effects ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Gender Interactions

Abstract Introduction Reports in relatively healthy smokers suggest men are more sensitive than women to the subjective effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes (RNCCs). We know of no reports examining sex differences in the relative reinforcing effects of RNCCs, an important outcome in assessing smoking’s addiction potential. The aim of the present study is to address this gap by examining sex/gender differences on reinforcing effects while examining whether sex differences in subjective effects are discernible in vulnerable populations. Methods Secondary analysis of a within-subject, double-blinded experiment examining acute effects of cigarettes varying in nicotine content (0.4, 2.4, 5.2, 15.8 mg/g) among 169 adult smokers with psychiatric conditions or socioeconomic disadvantage. Effects of dose, sex, and their interaction were examined on reinforcing (concurrent-choice and Cigarette Purchase Task [CPT] testing), and subjective effects (Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire [CEQ] and craving/withdrawal ratings). Results Reducing nicotine content decreased the relative reinforcing effects of smoking in concurrent-choice and CPT testing (p’s < .05) with no significant effects of sex nor dose × sex/gender interactions. Reducing nicotine content decreased CEQ ratings with only a single significant effect of sex (higher Psychological Reward scores among women than men, p = .02) and no significant dose × sex/gender interactions. Results on craving/withdrawal paralleled those on the CEQ. Conclusions Reducing nicotine content decreases the addiction potential of smoking independent of sex in populations highly vulnerable to smoking and addiction, with no indication that women are less sensitive to subjective effects of RNCCs or would benefit less from a policy reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes. Implications A policy reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes has the potential to reduce the addiction potential of smoking across men and women who are especially vulnerable to smoking, addiction, and tobacco-related adverse health impacts.

scholarly journals Preliminary validity of the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire in predicting the reinforcing effects of cigarettes that vary in nicotine content.

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 473-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Arger ◽  
Sarah H. Heil ◽  
Stacey C. Sigmon ◽  
Jennifer W. Tidey ◽  
Maxine L. Stitzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Questionnaire ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Reinforcing Effects

scholarly journals Examining Age as a Potential Moderator of Response to Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Vulnerable Populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S49-S55
Author(s):  
Danielle R Davis ◽  
Maria A Parker ◽  
Andrea C Villanti ◽  
Joanna M Streck ◽  
Jeff S Priest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reinforcing Efficacy ◽  
Smoking Topography ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Nicotine Reduction

Abstract Introduction Young adults (aged 18–24 years) have a higher smoking prevalence than younger and older age groups and young adulthood is an important developmental period during which long-term behavior patterns like cigarette smoking are established. The aim of the current study was to examine how young adult smokers with additional vulnerabilities to smoking respond to reduced nicotine content cigarettes. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a double-blind, within-subject experiment conducted with 169 cigarette smokers recruited from populations with comorbid psychiatric conditions or socioeconomic disadvantage assessing acute effects of research cigarettes varying in nicotine content (0.4, 2.4, 5.2, 15.8 mg/g). Participants were dichotomized by chronological age (18–24 vs. ≥25 years). Across 14 laboratory sessions effects of nicotine content were examined on measures of relative reinforcing efficacy (Cigarette Purchase Task [CPT] and Concurrent Choice testing), subjective effects, craving/withdrawal, and smoking topography. Repeated measures analysis of variances were used to examine potential moderating effects of age. Results Young adults exhibited lower demand for reduced nicotine content cigarettes than older adults across three of five CPT indices (ps < .05). No differences by age were observed on other measures of reinforcing efficacy, subjective effects, craving/withdrawal, or smoking topography where effects generally decreased as an orderly function of decreasing nicotine content (ps <.05). Conclusion Overall, these findings suggest that reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes would decrease the addiction potential of cigarette smoking in young adult smokers as much or perhaps more than older adult smokers from populations at increased vulnerability to smoking, addiction, and smoking-related health consequences. Implications Reducing the nicotine content in cigarettes to lower addiction potential of smoking has been proposed as a means to improve overall population health. It is imperative to examine how young adults may respond to a nicotine reduction policy. We saw minimal evidence that age moderates acute response and where there was evidence it was in the direction of reduced nicotine content cigarettes having less addictive potential among young versus older adults (eg, steeper decreases in demand for very low nicotine content cigarettes among young versus older adults). Overall, a nicotine reduction policy has the potential to reduce smoking across age groups.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetic Profile of Spectrum Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen M Kamens ◽  
Constanza P Silva ◽  
Russell T Nye ◽  
Carley N Miller ◽  
Nayantara Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Nicotine Concentration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Double Blind Design ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Introduction Spectrum research cigarettes have been developed with varying nicotine content for use in studies evaluating the effects of a regulatory policy reducing the permissible nicotine content in cigarettes. This study aimed to characterize the nicotine pharmacokinetic profile of Spectrum cigarettes. Methods Twelve daily smokers attended four sessions and had blood nicotine, exhaled carbon monoxide, and subjective effects measured before and after smoking either a single cigarette of their preferred brand or high (10.9 mg/cigarette), medium (3.2 mg/cigarette), or low (0.2 mg/cigarette) nicotine content Spectrum research cigarettes, in a double-blind design with order counterbalanced. Results The boost in blood nicotine concentration was dose-dependent, with a boost of 0.3, 3.9, and 17.3 ng/mL for low-, medium-, and high-nicotine content Spectrum cigarettes. The high dose Spectrum had a similar nicotine boost to the “preferred brand” cigarettes (19 ng/mL). Subjects took longer puffs on the low nicotine cigarettes, but smoked these cigarettes faster than other cigarette types. High nicotine Spectrum cigarettes reduced the urge to smoke more than other cigarette types. Conclusions This study shows that Spectrum research cigarettes produce blood nicotine absorption in a dose-dependent manner, and therefore, are appropriate for use in studies of nicotine reduction in cigarettes. Implications This is the first study to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of Spectrum reduced nicotine content research cigarettes following an overnight abstinence. These data could provide evidence to regulatory agencies about the effects of reduced nicotine cigarettes when considering regulations on tobacco reduction.

Reinforcing effects of very low nicotine content cigarettes: A review

2015 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. e238
Author(s):  
Thomas J. White ◽  
Ryan Redner ◽  
Stephen T. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Reinforcing Effects

Validity of the modified cigarette evaluation questionnaire in predicting the reinforcing effects of cigarettes that vary in nicotine content under double-blind conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. e10
Author(s):  
Christopher Anthony Arger ◽  
Sarah Hughes Heil ◽  
Stacey C. Sigmon ◽  
Jennifer W. Tidey ◽  
M. Stitzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Double Blind ◽  
Evaluation Questionnaire ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Reinforcing Effects

scholarly journals Measurement properties of the translations of instruments evaluating the subjective effects of tobacco- and nicotine-containing products:  a systematic review of the literature

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Acquadro ◽  
Céline Desvignes-Gleizes ◽  
Nelly Mainy ◽  
Matthew Hankins ◽  
Rolf Weitkunat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Item Functioning ◽  
Main Target ◽  
Reinforcing Effects ◽  
Development And Validation

Background:Several instruments are widely used for assessing dependence, craving, withdrawal symptoms, and reinforcing effects in users of tobacco- and nicotine-containing products (TNP), including the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Questionnaire of Smoking Urges, original (QSU) and brief (QSU-b) versions; Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale, original (MNWS) and revised (MNWS-R) versions; and Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire, original (CEQ) and modified (mCEQ) versions. Although these instruments have been translated extensively, their translations and corresponding measurement properties have not been systematically assessed. This study aimed to (1) identify the translations of these instruments for which psychometric properties have been published, (2) describe the methods used for translation, and (3) describe the measurement properties and the context in which these translations were evaluated (e.g., target population and TNP used).Methods:Embase and MEDLINE databases were systematically searched.Results:While no information could be found for the CEQ/mCEQ, several translations were available for the remaining instruments: FTND, 25; QSU and QSU-b, 4 each; QSU (12-item version), 1; MNWS, 4; and MNWS-R, 1. Cigarette smokers represented the main target population in which the validation studies were conducted. Information about the translation process was reported for 25 translations. In most cases, the properties of the translations mirrored those of the originals. Differential item functioning was explored in only one case.Conclusions:There are few publications describing the measurement properties of the translations of the FTND, QSU/QSU-b, and MNWS/MNWS-R. None of these translations have been validated for TNPs other than cigarettes, which suggests the need for greater development and validation of instruments in this area.

Potential for limited reinforcing and abuse-related subjective effects of intranasal oxytocin

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-347
Author(s):  
Sean B Dolan ◽  
Meredith S Berry ◽  
Patrick S Johnson ◽  
Matthew W Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Nonsignificant Trend ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Reinforcing Effects ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Drug Liking

Background: There has been growing interest in using oxytocin as a pharmacotherapy for psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorder. Limited data exist regarding oxytocin’s reinforcing efficacy, which is a necessary consideration for novel pharmacotherapies, especially in substance-using populations. Aims: This study aimed to determine the potential reinforcing effects of intranasally administered oxytocin by assessing behavioral economic demand and subjective effects. Methods: Healthy adults ( n = 23) participated in a double-blind, repeated-measures, laboratory study wherein they received intranasal oxytocin (40 IU) or placebo in a randomized order across two sessions. Participants completed drug purchasing tasks at the conclusion of both sessions. Throughout both sessions, subjective and physiological effects were assessed. Results: Demand-curve analysis of purchasing tasks revealed greater median purchasing for oxytocin relative to placebo. Physiological and subjective effects did not significantly differ between oxytocin and placebo. However, a nonsignificant trend was observed for moderately greater drug liking for oxytocin relative to placebo. There was a significant, positive correlation between the difference in drug liking (between oxytocin and placebo) and the difference in lowest-price purchasing (between oxytocin and placebo). Conclusions: These data suggest the potential for limited reinforcing and abuse-related subjective effects of intranasal oxytocin. Given the small sample, the greater drug liking of oxytocin compared to placebo, and the positive relation between demand and drug liking, it is possible that oxytocin may produce reinforcing effects in some participants. Therefore, additional studies of oxytocin reinforcement are warranted.

Characterization of tobacco withdrawal: Physiological and subjective effects.

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy K. Hatsukami ◽  
John R. Hughes ◽  
Roy W. Pickens
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Tobacco Withdrawal
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