scholarly journals Potential Moderating Effects of Sex/Gender on the Acute Relative Reinforcing and Subjective Effects of Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Vulnerable Populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 878-884
Author(s):  
Joanna M Streck ◽  
Danielle R Davis ◽  
Raina D Pang ◽  
Stacey C Sigmon ◽  
Janice Y Bunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Smoking Addiction ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Reinforcing Effects ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Gender Interactions

Abstract Introduction Reports in relatively healthy smokers suggest men are more sensitive than women to the subjective effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes (RNCCs). We know of no reports examining sex differences in the relative reinforcing effects of RNCCs, an important outcome in assessing smoking’s addiction potential. The aim of the present study is to address this gap by examining sex/gender differences on reinforcing effects while examining whether sex differences in subjective effects are discernible in vulnerable populations. Methods Secondary analysis of a within-subject, double-blinded experiment examining acute effects of cigarettes varying in nicotine content (0.4, 2.4, 5.2, 15.8 mg/g) among 169 adult smokers with psychiatric conditions or socioeconomic disadvantage. Effects of dose, sex, and their interaction were examined on reinforcing (concurrent-choice and Cigarette Purchase Task [CPT] testing), and subjective effects (Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire [CEQ] and craving/withdrawal ratings). Results Reducing nicotine content decreased the relative reinforcing effects of smoking in concurrent-choice and CPT testing (p’s < .05) with no significant effects of sex nor dose × sex/gender interactions. Reducing nicotine content decreased CEQ ratings with only a single significant effect of sex (higher Psychological Reward scores among women than men, p = .02) and no significant dose × sex/gender interactions. Results on craving/withdrawal paralleled those on the CEQ. Conclusions Reducing nicotine content decreases the addiction potential of smoking independent of sex in populations highly vulnerable to smoking and addiction, with no indication that women are less sensitive to subjective effects of RNCCs or would benefit less from a policy reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes. Implications A policy reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes has the potential to reduce the addiction potential of smoking across men and women who are especially vulnerable to smoking, addiction, and tobacco-related adverse health impacts.

Appeal, subjective effects, and relative reinforcing effects of JUUL that vary in flavor and nicotine content.

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-287
Author(s):  
Lauren R. Pacek ◽  
Rachel V. Kozink ◽  
Christiane E. Carson ◽  
F. Joseph McClernon
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Reinforcing Effects

Sex Differences in Anxiety Disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 404-432
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Piggott ◽  
Alexandra N. Duran ◽  
Isha Jalnapurkar ◽  
Tyler Kimm ◽  
Stephanie Linscheid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Psychosocial Influences ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Women are more likely than men to meet lifetime criteria for an anxiety disorder. Moreover, anxiety is a risk factor for the development of other psychiatric conditions, including major depression. Numerous studies have identified evidence of sex differences in anxiety disorders, and there is considerable research concerning factors that may contribute to vulnerability for anxiety in females. In addition to psychosocial influences, biological components such as the female reproductive hormone cycle have also been implicated. Although psychotropic medication is more likely to be prescribed to women, there is little controlled data available concerning sex differences in the efficacy and/or tolerability of pharmacotherapy in anxiety disorders. This chapter provides an overview of the impact of gender in the epidemiology, phenomenology, course, and treatment response in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder (PD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Sex Differences in the Meaning of Parent and Teacher Ratings of ADHD Behaviors: An Observational Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 1847-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda J. Meyer ◽  
Jim Stevenson ◽  
Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Teacher Ratings ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Parent And Teacher Ratings

Objective: To test explanations for the underrecognition of female ADHD by examining differences in adult ratings of boys and girls matched for levels of directly observed ADHD behaviors. Method: In a secondary analysis of a population-based sample, 3- to 4-year-olds ( n = 153, 79 male) and 8- to 9-year-olds ( n = 144, 75 male) were grouped according to levels of directly observed ADHD behaviors (low/moderate/high). Groups were then compared with parent/teacher ADHD ratings. Results: There were no sex differences in levels of directly observed ADHD behaviors within groups. For preschoolers, parents’ ratings of males, but not females, significantly increased across groups—mirroring levels of observed behaviors. For older children, both parent and teacher mean ratings were significantly higher for males than females across groups. Conclusion: Identified differences in adult ratings of males and females matched for directly observed behaviors may contribute to understanding the substantial ADHD underrecognition in females.

scholarly journals Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes and Cannabis Use in Vulnerable Populations

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 84-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Parker ◽  
Joanna M. Streck ◽  
Cecilia L. Bergeria ◽  
Janice Y. Bunn ◽  
Diann E. Galeema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Nicotine Content

scholarly journals Preliminary validity of the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire in predicting the reinforcing effects of cigarettes that vary in nicotine content.

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 473-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Arger ◽  
Sarah H. Heil ◽  
Stacey C. Sigmon ◽  
Jennifer W. Tidey ◽  
Maxine L. Stitzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Questionnaire ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Reinforcing Effects

Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Remifentanil and Alfentanil in Healthy Volunteers 

1999 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 718-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew L. Black ◽  
Joanna L. Hill ◽  
James P. Zacny
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Psychomotor Tests ◽  
Potency Ratio ◽  
Psychomotor Effects ◽  
Double Blinded

Background The subjective and psychomotor effects of remifentanil have not been evaluated. Accordingly, the authors used mood inventories and psychomotor tests to characterize the effects of remifentanil in healthy, non-drug-abusing volunteers. Alfentanil was used as a comparator drug. Methods Ten healthy volunteers were enrolled in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in which they received an infusion of saline, remifentanil, or alfentanil for 120 min. The age- and weight-adjusted infusions (determined with STANPUMP, a computer modeling software package) were given to achieve three predicted constant plasma levels for 40 min each of remifentanil (0.75, 1.5, and 3 ng/ml) and alfentanil (16, 32, and 64 ng/ml). Mood forms and psychomotor tests were completed, and miosis was assessed, during and after the infusions. In addition, analgesia was tested at each dose level using a cold-pressor test. Results Remifentanil had prototypic micro-like opioid subjective effects, impaired psychomotor performance, and produced analgesia. Alfentanil at the dose range tested had more mild effects on these measures, and the analgesia data indicated that a 40:1 potency ratio, rather than the 20:1 ratio we used, may exist between remifentanil and alfentanil. A psychomotor test administered 60 min after the remifentanil infusion was discontinued showed that the volunteers were still impaired, although they reported feeling no drug effects. Conclusions The notion that the pharmacodynamic effects of remifentanil are extremely short-lived after the drug is no longer administered must be questioned given our findings that psychomotor effects were still apparent 1 h after the infusion was discontinued.

Brief Reports: Discriminating Factors and Sex Differences in Electing Mathematics

1982 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
Teri Hoch Perl
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mathematics Achievement ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
High School Graduation ◽  
College Entrance ◽  
Major Question ◽  
National Longitudinal Study ◽  
School Graduation ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Remarkable Agreement

Several studies have been carried out recently to learn more about sexrelated differences in mathematics achievement. A major question addressed by these studies is why fewer females than males continue studying mathematics beyond those courses required for high school graduation or college entrance. This paper addresses this question through a secondary analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Mathematics Achievement (NLSMA) (Romberg & Wilson, 1969). The analysis identifies sex-related differences in selected variables believed to influence student decisions to continue the study of mathematics. The resulting findings are in remarkable agreement with current studies (Armstrong, 1980; Fennema, 1977; Fennema & Sherman, 1977; Casserly, Note 1; Steel & Wise, Note 2) and suggest the validity of analyzing extant data for insights into continuing educational questions. Further, although the NLSMA study was carried out in the 1960s, because of its extensive nature, it behooves us to learn what it tells about sex-related differences that may have been present at that time. Indeed, the students in the NLSMA study are the teachers of the 1980s.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Subjective Responses To Moderate Versus Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1258-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A Perkins ◽  
Joshua L Karelitz ◽  
Nicole Kunkle
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Subjective Responses ◽  
Nicotine Content
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