The constraints in the field of institutional translation in Turkey

This paper aims to examine the constraints in the institutional field within the framework of the sociology of translation. In the paper, the term “constraint” refers to the problems that cannot be solved due to many factors and negatively affect the translation process, translators, and therefore translation product. The paper will reveal all the constraints with an analysis of the position of the field within the field of power, the structure of the field, and the habitus of agents (here exclusively referring to translators), based on Pierre Bourdieu’s model of field analysis. The study draws on the case studies of four institutions to analyze all the dynamics of the institutional field and their impact on the translation process and translation product. The institutions are the European Union Translation Coordination Presidency (EUTCP) and the Prime Ministry Directorate General of Press and Information (PDGPI) as a national institution, the United Nations World Food Program (WFP) as an international institution, and the Association of Solidarity with Asylum Seekers and Immigrants (ASAM) as a non-governmental organization. Face-to-face interviews with these four institutions, which carry out different translation activities for different purposes, will reveal the big picture of the field. However, more empirical work is needed to generalize about the constraints of this field.

Successful Translation Students’ Use of Dictionaries

Dictionaries of all types are an indispensable tool for both professional and trainee translators. However, the literature on trainee translators indicates that the skills associated with dictionary use have not been given the required attention. Knowing which dictionaries to use and how to use them efficiently when engaged in the translation process are significant aspects of translation pedagogy. In fact, facilitating the development of effective dictionary use helps develop translation competence in general. Therefore, the present article reports on a qualitative case study of successful translation students’ usage of and preferences for various types of dictionaries. The results show that successful trainee translators use dictionaries to locate synonyms or better translations for target words. Successful translation students are also reported to use dictionaries frequently to check spelling. Most respondents reported consulting the dictionary after they finished reading source texts. In line with the global move toward digitalization, the participants reported using electronic dictionaries with significantly greater frequency than paper dictionaries. In most cases, successful translation students’ use of paper dictionaries was limited to classroom examinations. The open-ended interview questions also helped to reveal the variety of dictionaries used by this group of trainee translators. Taken together, these findings have utility for translation instructors, particularly regarding the improvement of trainee translators’ experiences and the provision of assistance to less successful students.

A comparative and diachronic analysis of film title translations and appellative effect transfer into Croatian and German

Studies of film title translations remain scant to this day. The existing studies mainly focus on investigating the sources of difficulties during the translation process. Although the studies employ different analytical approaches, the conclusion in almost all investigations is that the decisive objective during the translation process is the transfer or production of the appellative effect. This study investigates which strategies are employed during translation into Croatian and German and why, as well as possible diachronic changes in the choice of translation strategies. We created a corpus of 935 film titles from 1923 to 2017 and their translations into Croatian and German, which we first classified as either direct translations, free translations, transcreations or transcriptions, and finally we quantitatively and qualitatively analysed the data. Our results show significant differences between the two subcorpora in the choice of translation strategies and motivation, as well as in the patterns of diachronic change. Furthermore, correlations with specific cultural-historical processes are observed.

Downregulation of Methionine Cycle Genes MAT1A and GNMT Enriches Protein-Associated Translation Process and Worsens Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prognosis

The major biological methyl donor, S-adenosylmethionine (adoMet) synthesis occurs mainly in the liver. Methionine adenosyltransferase 1A (MAT1A) and glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) are two key enzymes involved in the functional implications of that variation. We collected 42 RNA-seq data from paired hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its adjacent normal liver tissue from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). There was no mutation found in MAT1A or GNMT RNA in the 42 HCC patients. The 11,799 genes were annotated in the RNA-Seq data, and their expression levels were used to investigate the phenotypes of low MAT1A and low GNMT by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The REACTOME_TRANSLATION gene set was enriched and visualized in a heatmap along with corresponding differences in gene expression between low MAT1A versus high MAT1A and low GNMT versus high GNMT. We identified 43 genes of the REACTOME_TRANSLATION gene set that are powerful prognosis factors in HCC. The significantly predicted genes were referred into eukaryotic translation initiation (EIF3B, EIF3K), eukaryotic translation elongation (EEF1D), and ribosomal proteins (RPs). Cell models expressing various MAT1A and GNMT proved that simultaneous restoring the expression of MAT1A and GNMT decreased cell proliferation, invasion, as well as the REACTOME_TRANSLATION gene EEF1D, consistent with a better prognosis in human HCC. We demonstrated new findings that downregulation or defect in MAT1A and GNMT genes can enrich the protein-associated translation process that may account for poor HCC prognosis. This is the first study demonstrated that MAT1A and GNMT, the 2 key enzymes involved in methionine cycle, could attenuate the function of ribosome translation. We propose a potential novel mechanism by which the diminished GNMT and MAT1A expression may confer poor prognosis for HCC.

Social Media Translational Action

Internet application advancement has enabled Korean pop culture (K-Pop) to rapidly spread worldwide. However, technology alone is insufficient in delivering k-pop content to K-Pop fans because of language barriers. Hence, the translator's role is pivotal in decoding these data. Realising this crucial need, fans have acted as translators in interpreting enormous data file that have been improperly translated or unavailable in the original file. This research examined the translation process occurring in Twitter microblogging environment which is rarely analysed among linguistic scholars. the translation style of fan translators was identified, and the translational action involved discussed. K-Pop group, Bangtan Sonyeondan's (BTS) twitter account was selected as the main data source and Korean-English fan translation of the content distributed in the account was collected. The microblogging interface is equipped with the latest technology that supports multimedia data form, resulting in more dynamic translation work which needs to be highlighted in translation studies.

TECHNIQUE AND QUALITY TRANSLATION OF IDHAFI PHRASES IN THE POETRY OF ASYHADU AN LA IMRAATA ILLA ANTI BY NIZAR QABBANI

The translation process is an activity of transferring one language to another, from the translation process the researcher examines the translation techniques and translation quality of the collection of translation poems by Nizar Qabbani entitled Asyhadu An La Imraata Illa Anti. The methodological foundation that the researcher uses is a qualitative method. In this study, the researcher found 160 Idhafi phrases which were translated using 15 translation techniques, and 2 translation techniques that had good quality in conveying the intent, message, and purpose to the reader into the target language. That is, the equivalent technique generally has the highest value on three aspects of assessment for the quality of translation, among others, the accuracy aspect has a score of 83.3%, then the acceptability aspect has a score of 85.7%, and in the readability aspect, it has a score of 78.6% for further research. The researcher can discuss in more detail the translation method of Nizar Qabbani's Poetry

Students’ Attitude on the Use of Machine Translation in Japanese Language Class

The purpose of the study was to determine student attitudes towards the use of machine translation in Japanese classes, especially in Writing 1 and IV classes. Machine Translation is considered an online resource in facilitating the translation process. The method used is descriptive qualitative. Data were taken from questionnaires distributed to students. Participants are semester II and semester IV students who receive Japanese Writing courses. This research activity was conducted at Darma Persada University, Jakarta. The data analysis technique used three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation and concluding. The results showed that students were dissatisfied with the use of machine translation. This means that the student's attitude is negative. However, machine translation is considered to be able to help complete the translation task more quickly, but the translation results are not in the context of the target language

Translation methods of English-Indonesian subtitles in Mariana Atencio’s “TEDx talk: what makes you special?”

This research aims at finding out methods used to translate connotative and denotative phrases in the video subtitle of Mariana Atencio’s “Tedx Talk: What Makes You Special?”. The video was translated to Indonesian by Badaruddin Saahe and has been reviewed by Santi Deviyanti Rahayu. This research method was qualitative descriptive, focusing on Newmark’s translation theory. The data of this research were taken from the transcript of the video and the provided subtitles. This study revealed twenty-eight phrases with connotative meaning, and the translation process employed both single and mixed methods. Single method types of translation employed were faithful translation, adaptation, free translation, and idiomatic translation, while mixed methods employed faithful and adaptation, faithful and semantic, faithful and communicative, adaptation and communicative, free and idiomatic, and idiomatic and adaptation. This study also revealed twelve phrases with denotative meaning, in which the translator chooses to translate them denotatively using various methods, despite the phrases conveying other meanings. This relates to the second study issue, which explains the connection between denotative meaningful sentences and Newmark (1988) translation approach. Following his observations, the researcher discovered that only one method was used: word-for-word and literal translation. To translate phrases with this denotative meaning, the translator employs two ways simultaneously: word-for-word and literal, literal and adaptation, literal & faithful, faithful & communicative, and Idiomatic & communicative. The researcher may deduce from the previous explanation that mixed techniques and denotative meaning are related in the sense that the combined methods share the same qualities, namely direct, contextual, and communicative. As stated by Fromkin (2001), this is also related to the properties of the denotation itself.

NEOLOGISM IN ENGLISH-ARABIC TRANSLATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TERMS

Technological advancements have aided in the expansion of a languages vocabulary through the addition of new items. Naming items can be accomplished during the translation process by constructing a diverse structure of neologisms. The purpose of this study was to analyse the results of technical term translations from English to Arabic in the field of Information Technology (IT) and to ascertain the frequency with which Arabic neologisms are published as a result of the process. Additionally, the study identified factors that influence the formation of neologisms through the translation process of translators. The study analysed data from the ProZ.com website regarding IT terms. The data were analysed by dividing the source term into a variety of neologism structures, such as derivatives, blended, compound, and acronym. The research was conducted using al-Sihabis theoretical framework for word formation, which classified word formation into two categories: Morphological Neologism, which refers to the process of word development, and Loan Neologism, which refers to the process of converting foreign language words to Arabic. The findings indicate that ProZ.com translators took one of two approaches to the formation of Arabic neologism: they either altered the original structure of the source term or preserved it as the structure of Arabic neologism. Nonetheless, 44% of the data wereconverted to compound form. While the majority of other neological structures are derived from the original structure of the source language. The structure of such neologisms is shaped by the translators translation process. Translators frequently translate data literally in order to preserve the source language neologism in its original form, according to studies. However, 25% of data were translated using descriptive and functional equivalence, while 13.1% of data were translated using the Arabization process, which converts source language terms that lack an Arabic equivalent.

Introducing Machine Translation in the Translation Classroom: a Survey on Students’ Attitudes and Perceptions

The translation sector is going under major changes that will undoubtedly be accentuated in the future owing to the development of automation and artificial intelligence, and more specifically, of machine translation. Technology also plays a crucial role in the translation process and has a significant impact on translation competence. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that translator programs incorporate new translation technology into their curriculums in order to ensure that students are made aware of their usefulness in order to fulfil industry employment needs. This piece of research strives at mapping how and what for translation students use MT, and what are their attitudes and perceptions towards its use. Findings of a qualitative analysis indicate that undergraduate students have a positive general attitude towards MT and its many advantages, whereas they show preoccupation when MT professional issues are addressed.