Effect of Selective Lesions in the Hypothalamic—Pituitary Region on the Development of Cerebral Vasospasm following an Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Rat

Intracisternal injection of blood in the rat induced an angiographically demonstrable biphasic cerebral vasospasm with a maximal acute spasm at 10 min and a maximal late spasm at 2 days after the subarachnoid hemorrhage. Systemic administration of 6-hydroxydopamine, which destroys catecholamine fibers in the circumventricular areas characterized by the absence of a blood–brain barrier, prevented the development of both the acute and the late spasm. Isolation or removal of one of the circumventricular organs, the pituitary, from the brain via a stalk transection or a hypophysectomy did not affect the degree of vasospasm. Lesion of the median eminence, another region without a blood–brain barrier, prevented the development of both types of spasm. The median eminence receives projections from the A1 and A2 nuclei in the medulla oblongata. It is suggested that the projections of these nuclei to the internal layer of the median eminence underlie the development of spasm.

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Permeability of the windows of the brain: feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the circumventricular organs

Fluids and Barriers of the CNS ◽

10.1186/s12987-020-00228-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Inge C. M. Verheggen ◽

Joost J. A. de Jong ◽

Martin P. J. van Boxtel ◽

Alida A. Postma ◽

Frans R. J. Verhey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Brain Barrier ◽

Gray Matter ◽

Circumventricular Organs ◽

Brain Barrier ◽

Dce Mri ◽

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced ◽

Blood Brain ◽

Contrast Enhanced ◽

The Brain

Abstract Background Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are small structures without a blood–brain barrier surrounding the brain ventricles that serve homeostasic functions and facilitate communication between the blood, cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Secretory CVOs release peptides and sensory CVOs regulate signal transmission. However, pathogens may enter the brain through the CVOs and trigger neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We investigated the feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI to assess the CVO permeability characteristics in vivo, and expected significant contrast uptake in these regions, due to blood–brain barrier absence. Methods Twenty healthy, middle-aged to older males underwent brain DCE MRI. Pharmacokinetic modeling was applied to contrast concentration time-courses of CVOs, and in reference to white and gray matter. We investigated whether a significant and positive transfer from blood to brain could be measured in the CVOs, and whether this differed between secretory and sensory CVOs or from normal-appearing brain matter. Results In both the secretory and sensory CVOs, the transfer constants were significantly positive, and all secretory CVOs had significantly higher transfer than each sensory CVO. The transfer constants in both the secretory and sensory CVOs were higher than in the white and gray matter. Conclusions Current measurements confirm the often-held assumption of highly permeable CVOs, of which the secretory types have the strongest blood-to-brain transfer. The current study suggests that DCE MRI could be a promising technique to further assess the function of the CVOs and how pathogens can potentially enter the brain via these structures. Trial registration: Netherlands Trial Register number: NL6358, date of registration: 2017-03-24

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X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis inhibits apoptosis and preserves the blood-brain barrier after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep44918 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cheng Gao ◽

Hongwei Yu ◽

Cong Yan ◽

Wenyang Zhao ◽

Yao Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Blood Brain Barrier ◽

Brain Barrier ◽

Inhibitor Of Apoptosis ◽

Blood Brain ◽

Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Changes after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1227/00006123-199206000-00011 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 882-886 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Antonino Germanó ◽

Domenico dʼAvella ◽

Rocco Cicciarello ◽

Ronald L. Hayes ◽

Francesco Tomasello

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Blood Brain Barrier ◽

Brain Barrier ◽

Barrier Permeability ◽

Blood Brain Barrier Permeability ◽

Permeability Changes ◽

Blood Brain ◽

Brain Barrier Permeability ◽

Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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Permeability of the windows of the brain: Feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the circumventricular organs

10.21203/rs.3.rs-46100/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Inge C.M. Verheggen ◽

Joost J.A. de Jong ◽

Martin P.J. van Boxtel ◽

Alida A. Postma ◽

Frans R.J. Verhey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Brain Barrier ◽

Gray Matter ◽

Circumventricular Organs ◽

Brain Barrier ◽

Dce Mri ◽

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced ◽

Blood Brain ◽

Contrast Enhanced ◽

The Brain

Abstract Background: Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are small structures without a blood-brain barrier surrounding the brain ventricles that serve homeostasic functions and facilitate communication between the blood, cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Secretory CVOs release peptides and sensory CVOs regulate signal transmission. However, pathogens may enter the brain through the CVOs and trigger neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We investigated the feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI to assess the CVO permeability characteristics in vivo, and expected significant contrast uptake in these regions, due to blood-brain barrier absence.Methods: Twenty healthy, middle-aged to older males underwent brain DCE MRI. Pharmacokinetic modeling was applied to contrast concentration time-courses of CVOs, and in reference to white and gray matter. We investigated whether a significant and positive transfer from blood to brain could be measured in the CVOs, and whether this differed between secretory and sensory CVOs or from normal-appearing brain matter.Results: In both the secretory and sensory CVOs, the transfer constants were significantly positive, and all secretory CVOs had significantly higher transfer than each sensory CVO. The transfer constants in both the secretory and sensory CVOs were higher than in the white and gray matter.Conclusions: Current measurements confirm the often-held assumption of highly permeable CVOs, of which the secretory types have the strongest blood-to-brain transfer. The current study suggests that DCE MRI could be a promising technique to further assess the function of the CVOs and how pathogens can potentially enter the brain via these structures.Trial registration: Netherlands Trial Register number: NL6358, date of registration: 2017-03-24

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The blood-brain barrier following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1983.58.3.0338 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 338-344 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Eric W. Peterson ◽

Erico R. Cardoso

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Arterial Hypertension ◽

Blood Brain Barrier ◽

Brain Barrier ◽

Hemodynamic Variable ◽

Content Type ◽

Blood Brain ◽

Intracisternal Injection ◽

Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Fine Print

✓ In three groups of cats, the authors studied the effect of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the penetration of Evans blue-protein complex. One group received arterial hypertension alone, one group SAH alone, and one group SAH followed by arterial hypertension. Animals subjected to arterial hypertension alone showed areas of BBB breakdown. However, when cats were rendered hypertensive after SAH, there were no demonstrable BBB lesions. The SAH was produced by intracisternal injection of whole blood and hypertension by the intravenous injection of metaraminol. The preservation of the BBB after SAH is discussed. Vasospasm is considered as a possible hemodynamic variable responsible for the protection of the BBB from hypertensive damage. The need for a new model is proposed to further investigate the state of the BBB after SAH.

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Permeability of the windows of the brain: Feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the circumventricular organs

10.21203/rs.3.rs-46100/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Inge C.M. Verheggen ◽

Joost J.A. de Jong ◽

Martin P.J. van Boxtel ◽

Alida A. Postma ◽

Frans R.J. Verhey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Brain Barrier ◽

Gray Matter ◽

Circumventricular Organs ◽

Brain Barrier ◽

Dce Mri ◽

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced ◽

Blood Brain ◽

Contrast Enhanced ◽

The Brain

Abstract Background Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are small structures without a blood-brain barrier surrounding the brain ventricles that serve homeostasic functions and facilitate communication between the blood, cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Secretory CVOs release peptides and sensory CVOs regulate signal transmission. However, pathogens may enter the brain through the CVOs and trigger neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We investigated the feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI to assess the CVO permeability characteristics in vivo, and expected significant contrast uptake in these regions, due to blood-brain barrier absence.Methods Twenty healthy, middle-aged to older males underwent brain DCE MRI. Pharmacokinetic modeling was applied to contrast concentration time-courses of CVOs, and in reference to white and gray matter. We investigated whether a significant and positive transfer from blood to brain could be measured in the CVOs, and whether this differed between secretory and sensory CVOs or from normal-appearing brain matter.Results In both the secretory and sensory CVOs, the transfer constants were significantly positive, and all secretory CVOs had significantly higher transfer than each sensory CVO. The transfer constants in both the secretory and sensory CVOs were higher than in the white and gray matter.Conclusions Current measurements confirm the often-held assumption of highly permeable CVOs, of which the secretory types have the strongest blood-to-brain transfer. The current study suggests that DCE MRI could be a promising technique to further assess the function of the CVOs and how pathogens can potentially enter the brain via these structures.Trial registration Netherlands Trial Register number: NL6358, date of registration: 2017-03-24

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Permeability of the Windows of the Brain: Feasibility of Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MRI of the Circumventricular Organs

10.21203/rs.3.rs-46100/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Inge C.M. Verheggen ◽

Joost J.A. de Jong ◽

Martin P.J. van Boxtel ◽

Alida A. Postma ◽

Frans R.J. Verhey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Brain Barrier ◽

Gray Matter ◽

Circumventricular Organs ◽

Brain Barrier ◽

Dce Mri ◽

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced ◽

Blood Brain ◽

Contrast Enhanced ◽

The Brain

Abstract BackgroundCircumventricular organs (CVOs) are small structures without a blood-brain barrier surrounding the brain ventricles that serve homeostasic functions and facilitate communication between the blood, cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Secretory CVOs release peptides and sensory CVOs regulate signal transmission. However, pathogens may enter the brain through the CVOs and trigger neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We investigated the feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI to assess the CVO permeability characteristics in vivo, and expected significant contrast uptake in these regions, due to blood-brain barrier absence.MethodsTwenty healthy, middle-aged to older males underwent brain DCE MRI. Pharmacokinetic modeling was applied to contrast concentration time-courses of CVOs, and in reference to white and gray matter. We investigated whether a significant and positive transfer from blood to brain could be measured in the CVOs, and whether this differed between secretory and sensory CVOs or from normal-appearing brain matter.ResultsIn both the secretory and sensory CVOs, the transfer constants were significantly positive, and all secretory CVOs had significantly higher transfer rates than each sensory CVO. The transfer constants in both the secretory and sensory CVOs were higher than in the white and gray matter.ConclusionsCurrent measurements confirm the often-held assumption of highly permeable CVOs, of which the secretory types have the strongest blood-to-brain transfer. The current study suggests that DCE MRI could be a promising technique to further assess the function of the CVOs and how pathogens can potentially enter the brain via these structures.Trial registrationNetherlands Trial Register number: NL6358, date of registration: 2017-03-24

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COG133 Attenuates the Early Brain Injury Induced by Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Journal of Healthcare Engineering ◽

10.1155/2022/4404039 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 2022 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Yongfa Zhang ◽

Baocheng Gao ◽

Jingsong Ouyang ◽

Bai Tai ◽

Shuai Zhou

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Blood Brain Barrier ◽

Barrier Function ◽

Early Brain Injury ◽

Brain Barrier ◽

Inflammasome Activation ◽

Mimetic Peptide ◽

Blood Brain ◽

Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a kind of severe hemorrhagic stroke, and early brain injury acted as one of the main causes of death and delayed neurological deficit in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. In this process, the function and structural integrity of the blood-brain barrier play an important role. In this study, we have observed whether the apolipoprotein E (apoE) mimetic peptide, COG133, can alleviate early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. For this purpose, an experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage model was constructed in mice and treated by intravenous injection of COG133 at a dosage of 1 mg/kg. Then, the function and integrity of the blood-brain barrier were detected, and the pyroptosis level of the neuron was determined. The results showed that COG133 could protect blood-brain barrier function and structure integrity, reduce early brain injury, and ameliorate neurological function after subarachnoid hemorrhage. In terms of molecular mechanism, COG133 inhibits blood-brain barrier destruction through the proinflammatory CypA-NF-κB-MMP9 pathway and reduces neuronal pyroptosis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that apoE-mimetic peptide, COG133, can play a neuroprotective role by protecting blood-brain barrier function and inhibiting brain cell pyroptosis to reduce early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

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