scholarly journals The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi P. Friedman ◽  
Trevor W. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Working Memory Updating ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

AbstractConcepts of cognitive control (CC) and executive function (EF) are defined in terms of their relationships with goal-directed behavior versus habits and controlled versus automatic processing, and related to the functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and related regions and networks. A psychometric approach shows unity and diversity in CC constructs, with 3 components in the most commonly studied constructs: general or common CC and components specific to mental set shifting and working memory updating. These constructs are considered against the cellular and systems neurobiology of PFC and what is known of its functional neuroanatomical or network organization based on lesioning, neurochemical, and neuroimaging approaches across species. CC is also considered in the context of motivation, as “cool” and “hot” forms. Its Common CC component is shown to be distinct from general intelligence (g) and closely related to response inhibition. Impairments in CC are considered as possible causes of psychiatric symptoms and consequences of disorders. The relationships of CC with the general factor of psychopathology (p) and dimensional constructs such as impulsivity in large scale developmental and adult populations are considered, as well as implications for genetic studies and RDoC approaches to psychiatric classification.

scholarly journals Role of prefrontal cortex and the midbrain dopamine system in working memory updating

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (49) ◽  
pp. 19900-19909 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D'Ardenne ◽  
N. Eshel ◽  
J. Luka ◽  
A. Lenartowicz ◽  
L. E. Nystrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dopamine System ◽  
Memory Updating ◽  
Working Memory Updating ◽  
Midbrain Dopamine

scholarly journals The Role of Moral Outrage on the Impeachment of Garut Regent in 2012-2013

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Nur Hidayat Sardini
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Community Action ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Short Message ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
The People ◽  
State Actors

Moral and political are two things that cannot be separated. The marriage of a regent in Garut regency, Indonesia, with an underage girl eventually leads to community action, where people demand the regent to resign from his position as a regional head. It was not even four days of marriage the regent had divorced his young wife via a short message from his own mobile phone. Therefore, the people of Garut suddenly expressed their wrath through a large-scale demonstration which pushedthe Local House of Representative immediately to process the regent’s removal. This research utilized a qualitative approach with a case-study method, the data in this research relied on the practice of in-depth interviews, observations, and documentaries. This research succeeded to observe that the general factor which underlying the action of demonstration in Garut which demanded the resignation of the regent was caused by the political climate change of democratization in the national level which also impacted Garut Regency. The national politicalclimate change increased the unconventional public participation in Garut and provided political sphere for non-state actors to establish political-involvement balance between state actors and non-state actors themselves. In other hand, the specific underlying factor on this case is the regent’s behavior which was judged as the act of dishonorable humiliation on women’s dignity, especially his speech in some national television channels. The power of this study lies on its novelty, filling in lubrication and study originality, towards the moral and ethical behavior as the new object on Social Movement.   

scholarly journals Rethinking executive function development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Doebel
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Mental Content ◽  
Memory Updating ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
Working Memory Updating ◽  
General Component

Research on executive function in early childhood has flourished in recent years. Much of this work is premised on a view of executive function development as the emergence of a set of domain general component processes (e.g., working memory updating, inhibitory control, and shifting). This view has shaped how we think about relations between executive function and other aspects of development, the role of the environment in executive function development, and how best to improve executive function in children who struggle with it. However, there are conceptual and empirical reasons to doubt that executive function should be defined in this way. I argue executive function development is better understood as the emergence of skills in using control in the service of specific goals. Such goals activate and are influenced by mental content like knowledge, beliefs, norms, values, and preferences that are acquired with development and are important to consider in understanding children’s executive function performance. This account better explains empirical findings than the components view; leads to specific, testable hypotheses; and has implications for theory, measurement, and interventions.

scholarly journals Role of the prefrontal cortex in the cognitive control of reaching movements: near-infrared spectroscopy study

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 127003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kotaro Goto ◽  
Yoko Hoshi ◽  
Masashi Sata ◽  
Masatoshi Kawahara ◽  
Makoto Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reaching Movements ◽  
Spectroscopy Study

scholarly journals Cognitive Control of Episodic Memory in Schizophrenia: Differential Role of Dorsolateral and Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Ragland ◽  
Charan Ranganath ◽  
Joshua Phillips ◽  
Megan A. Boudewyn ◽  
Ann M. Kring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

scholarly journals Roles of the prefrontal cortex in learning to time the onset of pre-existing motor programs

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241562
Author(s):  
Beom-Chan Lee ◽  
Jongkwan Choi ◽  
Bernard J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Motor Program ◽  
Motor Programs ◽  
Onset Timing ◽  
Previous Hypothesis ◽  
Motor Activities ◽  
Gait Perturbations

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in cognitive control of motor activities and timing of future intensions. This study investigated the cognitive control of balance recovery in response to unpredictable gait perturbations and the role of PFC subregions in learning by repetition. Bilateral dorsolateral (DLPFC), ventrolateral (VLPFC), frontopolar (FPFC) and orbitofrontal (OFC) cortex hemodynamic changes induced by unpredictable slips were analyzed as a function of successive trials in ten healthy young adults. Slips were induced by the acceleration of one belt as the participant walked on a split-belt treadmill. A portable functional near-infrared spectroscope monitored PFC activities quantified by oxyhemoglobin (ΔO2Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (ΔHbR) during the consecutive trial phases: standing, walking, slip-recovery. During the first 3 trials, the average oxyhemoglobin (ΔO2Hbavg) in the DLPFC, VLPFC, FPFC, and OFC cortex was significantly higher during slip-recovery than unperturbed walking or the standing baseline. Then, ΔO2Hbavg decreased progressively from trial-to-trial in the DLPFC, VLPFC, and FPFC, but increased and then remained constant in the OFC. The average deoxyhemoglobin (ΔHbRavg) presented mirror patterns. These changes after the third trial were paralleled by the progressive improvement of recovery revealed by kinematic variables. The results corroborate our previous hypothesis that only timing of the onset of a “good enough recovery motor program” is learned with practice. They also strongly support the assumption that the PFC contributes to the recall of pre-existing motor programs whose onset timing is adjusted by the OFC. Hence, learning is clearly divided into two steps delineated by the switch in activity of the OFC. Additionally, motor processes appear to share the working memory as well as decisional and predictive resources of the cognitive system.

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