Differential modulation of subthalamic projection neurons by short-term and long-term electrical stimulation in physiological and parkinsonian conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Xiao ◽  
Ya-wei Ji ◽  
Yi-wen Luan ◽  
Tao Jia ◽  
Cui Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Differential Modulation ◽  
Short Term

Electrical stimulation of referred sensation area alleviates phantom limb pain

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Michihiro Osumi ◽  
Daisuke Shimizu ◽  
Yuki Nishi ◽  
Shu Morioka
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Phantom Limb Pain ◽  
Phantom Limb ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Limb Pain ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background: Patients with brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) usually experience phantom sensations and phantom limb pain (PLP) in the deafferented limb. It has been suggested that evoking the sensation of touch in the deafferented limb by stimulating referred sensation areas (RSAs) on the cheek or shoulder might alleviate PLP. However, feasible rehabilitation techniques using this approach have not been reported. Objective: The present study sought to examine the analgesic effects of simple electrical stimulation of RSAs in BPA patients with PLP. Methods: Study 1: Electrical stimulation of RSAs for 60 minutes was conducted for six BPA patients suffering from PLP to examine short-term analgesic effects. Study 2: A single case design experiment was conducted with two BPA patients to investigate whether electrical stimulation of RSAs was more effective for alleviating PLP than control electrical stimulation (electrical stimulation of sites on side opposite to the RSAs), and to elucidate the long-term effects of electrical stimulation of RSAs. Results: Study 1: Electrical stimulation of RSAs evoked phantom touch sensations in the deafferented limb, and significantly alleviated PLP (p <  0.05). Study 2: PLP was alleviated more after electrical stimulation on RSAs compared with control electrical stimulation (p <  0.05). However, the analgesic effects of electrical stimulation on RSAs were observed only in the short term, not in the long term (p >  0.05). Conclusions: Electrical stimulation of RSAs not only evoked phantom touch sensation but also alleviated PLP in the short term. The results indicate that electrical stimulation of RSAs may provide a useful practical rehabilitation technique for PLP. Future studies will be required to clarify the mechanisms underlying immediate PLP alleviation via electrical stimulation of RSAs.

scholarly journals Differential modulation of short-term synaptic dynamics by long-term potentiation at mouse hippocampal mossy fibre synapses

2007 ◽  
Vol 585 (3) ◽  
pp. 853-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Gundlfinger ◽  
Christian Leibold ◽  
Katja Gebert ◽  
Marion Moisel ◽  
Dietmar Schmitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Mossy Fibre ◽  
Differential Modulation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Synaptic Dynamics

Neuronal Responses in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex to Electrical Cochlear Stimulation: IV. Activation Pattern for Sinusoidal Stimulation

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 3190-3204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia W. Raggio ◽  
Christoph E. Schreiner
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
Threshold Behavior ◽  
Activation Pattern ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Response Thresholds

Patterns of threshold distributions for single-cycle sinusoidal electrical stimulation and single pulse electrical stimulation were compared in primary auditory cortex of the adult cat. Furthermore, the effects of auditory deprivation on these distributions were evaluated and compared across three groups of adult cats. Threshold distributions for single and multiple unit responses from the middle cortical layers were obtained on the ectosylvian gyrus in an acutely implanted animal; 2 wk after deafening and implantation (short-term group); and neonatally deafened animals implanted following 2–5 yr of deafness (long-term group). For all three cases, we observed similar patterns of circumscribed regions of low response thresholds in the region of primary auditory cortex (AI). A dorsal and a ventral region of low response thresholds were found separated by a narrow, anterior-posterior strip of elevated thresholds. The ventral low-threshold regions in the short-term group were cochleotopically arranged. By contrast, the dorsal region in the short-term animals and both low-threshold regions in long-term deafened animals maintained only weak cochleotopicity. Analysis of the spatial extent of the low-threshold regions revealed that the activated area for sinusoidal stimulation was smaller and more circumscribed than for pulsatile stimulation for both dorsal and ventral AI. The width of the high-threshold ridge that separated the dorsal and ventral low-threshold regions was greater for sinusoidal stimulation. Sinusoidal and pulsatile threshold behavior differed significantly for electrode configurations with low and high minimum thresholds. Differences in threshold behavior and cortical response distributions between the sinusoidal and pulsatile stimulation suggest that stimulus shape plays a significant role in the activation of cortical activity. Differences in the activation pattern for short-term and long-term deafness reflect deafness-induced reorganizational changes based on factors such as differences in excitatory and inhibitory balance that are affected by the stimulation parameters.

Short-term and Long-term Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Skin Properties

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Majeed R. Almalty ◽  
Saja H. Hamed ◽  
Fuad M. Al-Dabbak ◽  
Amjad E. Shallan
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term

Long-term Effects of Intracochlear Electrical Stimulation with Looped Patterns on Tinnitus: A Case Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 95 (4-5) ◽  
pp. E9-E29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remo A.G.J. Arts ◽  
Erwin L.J. George ◽  
Andreas Griessner ◽  
Clemens Zierhofer ◽  
Robert J. Stokroos
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Speech Discrimination ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Speech Perception In Noise ◽  
Single Sided Deafness ◽  
Viable Treatment

Electrical stimulation by cochlear implant (CI) has been proven to be a viable treatment option for tinnitus in many recent studies. In addition, intracochlear electrical stimulation independent of an acoustic input appears to suppress tinnitus, at least in the short term. We conducted a case study to investigate the long-term effects of both standard CI and intracochlear electrical stimulation independent of an acoustic input on tinnitus in a patient with single-sided deafness and tinnitus. We found no negative effects of intracochlear electrical stimulation independent of an acoustic input on speech perception in noise. Furthermore, the additional use of a standard CI was advantageous for speech discrimination in our patient. We conclude that long-term tinnitus suppression can be achieved via intracochlear electrical stimulation with looped patterns. Our findings in terms of speech discrimination in our patient were consistent with those reported in previous studies.

scholarly journals Cortical re-organization after traumatic brain injury elicited using functional electrical stimulation therapy: A case report

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matija Milosevic ◽  
Tomoya Nakanishi ◽  
Atsushi Sasaki ◽  
Akiko Yamaguchi ◽  
Milos R. Popovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Functional Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Electrical Stimulation Therapy

AbstractFunctional electrical stimulation therapy (FEST) can improve motor function after neurological injuries. However, little is known about cortical re-organization after FEST and weather it can improve upper-limb motor function after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Therefore, our study examined cortical and motor changes in a single male participant with chronic TBI suffering from mild motor impairment during 3-months of FEST and at 3-months follow-up. FEST was applied to enable upper-limb grasping and reaching movements during each session, which was performed for 45-60 min, 3 days per week, over 12-weeks. Short-term assessments were examined before and after each session, while long-term assessments were performed at baseline, after 6- and 12-weeks of FEST, and during follow-up 6- and 12-weeks after completing FEST. Short-term assessments carried out using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) showed reduced cortical silent period (CSP), which is related to cortical and/or subcortical inhibition. At the same time, no changes in motor evoked potentials (MEP) were observed, suggesting corticospinal excitability was unaffected. Long-term assessments indicate increased MEP corticospinal excitability after 12-weeks of FEST, which remained during both follow-ups, while no changes in CSP were observed. Similarly, long-term assessments using TMS mapping showed larger hand MEP area in the primary motor cortex (M1) after 12-weeks of FEST as well as during both follow-ups. Corroborating TMS results, fMRI imaging data showed M1, as well as sensory, premotor, parietal area, and supplementary motor area activations increased after 12-weeks of FEST and during both follow-ups. While clinical scores did not change considerably, writing test performance indicates mild improvements after FEST. Our results suggest that FEST can effectively increase cortical activations, while writing tests confirmed functional improvements in fine motor function even after chronic TBI. These results demonstrated long-term recovery mechanisms of FEST, which include cortical re-organization or neuroplasticity to improve motors function after neurological injury.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

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