Abstract
JAZ (just another zinc finger protein) was previously identified in our laboratory as a unique ZFP that preferentially binds to double-stranded (ds) RNA rather than dsDNA. We found that interleukin-3 growth factor withdrawal upregulates JAZ expression in factor-dependent hematopoietic cells in association with p53 activation and induction of apoptotic cell death. We recently discovered JAZ as a novel direct, positive regulator of p53 transcriptional activity. The mechanism involves direct binding to p53’s C-terminal (negative) regulatory domain to activate “latent” p53 in response to non-genotoxic stress signals. Our preliminary data indicate that JAZ is differentially expressed in murine and human bone marrow cells and in normal and malignant hematopoietic tissues and cell lines. Thus, we have explored JAZ as a potentially novel molecular target in human leukemia by identifying small molecules that bind and activate JAZ. Using a high-throughput, “molecular docking” strategy, we have screened approximately 240,000 small molecules for their ability to interact with JAZ. Based on the Lipinski Rules for Drug Likeness (molecular characteristics favorable for absorption and permeability), we identified ~70 putative “drug-like” binding molecules with high scores and obtained ~40 of them from the NCI Developmental Therapeutics Program. We first tested their cytotoxic effect on various human leukemia cell lines including wt p53 expressing Reh pre-B lymphoblastic leukemia and Molt-3 T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia cells, and p53-deficient U937 leukemic monocyte lymphoma and KU812 and K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. We have selected four “candidate” JAZ-targeting (J1-J4) compounds for further investigation because they are potent (IC50 = <1 to ~50 μM) in killing leukemia cells in association with upregulation of JAZ protein expression and p53 activation. Since we previously demonstrated that JAZ can induce G1 cell cycle arrest prior to apoptosis in NIH3T3 mouse fibrablast cells in association with upregulation of p21, dephosphorylation of Rb and repression of cyclin A, we have tested these J-compounds for their potential effect on cell cycle progression. Drug treatment followed by flow cytometry analysis was carried out in human leukemia cell lines. Results reveal that the J2, J3 and J4 but not J1 compounds induce significant G1 cell cycle arrest followed by cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner (e.g. an increase in the G1 population by up to 35 % at 24 hr following the treatment at doses of 0.1 to 50 μM). These data indicate that the J2-J4 compounds can not only induce leukemia cell killing but also mediate growth arrest. Interestingly, J3 and J4 are FDA-approved drugs (for the treatment of non-cancer diseases), suggesting a potentially novel role for these clinically available drugs as therapy for hematologic malignancies. Therefore, while further in vitro and in vivo characterization remains to be carried out, the JAZ-“targeting” compound(s) points the way to develop a potentially novel therapeutic strategy targeting JAZ to treat human leukemia.
The pleiotropic effects of fisetin and hesperetin on human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells are mediated through apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and alterations in signaling networks
