Abstract
Background: Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and a subset of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are caused by the t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) chromosome translocation, resulting in fusion of the BCR and ABL1 genes on the Philadelphia chromosome to encode constitutively active ABL1 kinase. Despite the dramatic progress made over the past decade with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of CML, allogeneic stem cell transplant is considered the only proven curative therapy. To achieve cure or benefit from treatment-free remissions with pharmacologically-based therapies, it is estimated that patients will likely need to achieve a sustained reduction in tumor burden of 4 logs (MR4) or deeper (MR4.5). Currently, only 39% and 18% of patients achieve MR4 by 24 months of treatment with single agent nilotinib or imatinib, respectively. Furthermore, for a subset of CML patients and the majority of Ph+ ALL patients, resistance develops to current TKI’s as a result of emergence of point mutations in the ATP site of the kinase domain. ABL001 is a potent, selective BCR-ABL inhibitor that maintains activity across most mutations, including T315I, with a distinct, allosteric mechanism of action which recently entered Phase I development for the treatment of patients with CML and Ph+ ALL. ABL001 was developed to be dosed in combination with nilotinib to provide greater pharmacological coverage of BCR-ABL disease and prevent the emergence of resistance.
Methods: Based on X-ray crystallography, NMR and molecular modeling, ABL001 is the result of a structure-guided medicinal chemistry program targeting the myristoyl pocket of the ABL1 kinase. In vitro cell based assays were performed using the Ba/F3 isogenic cell system and a panel of over 300 cell lines. KCL-22 cells were used to develop an in vivo xenograft model to assess the efficacy of ABL001 and the PD marker, pSTAT5, was used to monitor the inhibition of BCR-ABL signaling.
Results: In contrast to TKIs that bind to the ATP-site of the ABL1 kinase domain, NMR and X-Ray crystallography studies confirmed that ABL001 binds to a pocket on the BCR-ABL kinase domain that is normally occupied by the myristoylated N-terminus of ABL1. Upon fusion with BCR, this myristoylated N-terminus that serves to autoregulate ABL1 activity is lost. ABL001 functionally mimics the role of the myristoylated N-terminus by occupying its vacant binding site and restores the negative regulation of the kinase activity. Cell proliferation studies demonstrate that ABL001 selectively inhibited the growth of CML and Ph+ ALL cells with potencies ranging from 1-10nM range. In contrast, BCR-ABL-negative cell lines remained unaffected at concentrations 1000-fold higher. With resistance emerging in the clinic to current TKI’s as a result of point mutations in the ATP-site, ABL001 was tested for activity against clinically observed mutations and found to be active in the low nM range. In the KCL-22 mouse xenograft model, ABL001 displayed potent anti-tumor activity with complete tumor regression observed and a clear dose-dependent correlation with pSTAT5 inhibition. The KCL-22 xenograft model was also used to compare the dosing of ABL001 and nilotinib as single agents to dosing a combination of ABL001 and nilotinib. Single agent dosing regimens led to tumor regressions; however, despite continuous dosing, all tumors relapsed within 30-60 days with evidence of point mutations in the resistant tumors. In contrast, animals treated with the combination of ABL001 and nilotinib achieved sustained tumor regression with no evidence of disease relapse either during the 70 days of treatment or for > 150 days after treatment stopped.
Conclusion: ABL001 selectively inhibited the proliferation of cells expressing the BCR-ABL fusion gene and was active against clinically important mutations that arise with current TKI therapy in CML. In an in vivo model of CML, the combination of ABL001 and nilotinib resulted in complete and sustained tumor regression with no evidence of disease relapse. These results provide proof-of-principle that simultaneous targeting of the myristoyl pocket and ATP-pocket by ABL001 and nilotinib, respectively, promotes a more sustained overall efficacy and prevents the emergence of resistance via acquisition of point mutations in the respective binding sites. ABL001 is currently being evaluated in a Phase 1 study in patients with CML and Ph+ ALL.
Disclosures
Wylie: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc: Employment. Schoepfer:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Berellini:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Cai:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Caravatti:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Cotesta:Novartis Institues for Biomedical Research: Employment. Dodd:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Donovan:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Erb:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Furet:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Gangal:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Grotzfeld:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Hassan:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Hood:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Iyer:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Jacob:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Jahnke:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Lombardo:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Loo:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Manley:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Marzinzik:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Palmer:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Pelle:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Salem:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Sharma:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Thohan:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Zhu:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Keen:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Petruzzelli:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Vanasse:Novartis: Employment, Equity Ownership. Sellers:Novartis: Employment.
A Cas-embedding strategy for minimizing off-target effects of DNA base editors
