scholarly journals National parochialism is ubiquitous across 42 nations around the world

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Romano ◽  
Matthias Sutter ◽  
James H. Liu ◽  
Toshio Yamagishi ◽  
Daniel Balliet
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Global Public Goods ◽  
World Religions ◽  
The World ◽  
Ingroup Outgroup

AbstractCooperation within and across borders is of paramount importance for the provision of public goods. Parochialism – the tendency to cooperate more with ingroup than outgroup members – limits contributions to global public goods. National parochialism (i.e., greater cooperation among members of the same nation) could vary across nations and has been hypothesized to be associated with rule of law, exposure to world religions, relational mobility and pathogen stress. We conduct an experiment in participants from 42 nations (N = 18,411), and observe cooperation in a prisoner’s dilemma with ingroup, outgroup, and unidentified partners. We observe that national parochialism is a ubiquitous phenomenon: it is present to a similar degree across the nations studied here, is independent of cultural distance, and occurs both when decisions are private or public. These findings inform existing theories of parochialism and suggest it may be an obstacle to the provision of global public goods.

Emergence of Cooperation in Public Goods Problems

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
Dalibor Roháč
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Public Goods Provision ◽  
The Public ◽  
Weakest Link ◽  
Game Of Chicken ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
Assurance Game ◽  
The Difference

Abstract In this paper, we discuss several issues related to public goods provision. Unlike many Austrians, we do not think that the concept of public goods - or of collective action - is an inherently flawed idea, even though we reject the alleged welfare implications of public goods theory, as proposed by orthodox public finance literature. We then argue that the structure of a generic public goods problem is more a game of chicken or an assurance game than a prisoner's dilemma and that this has important implications with regard to the plausibility of cooperative outcomes. Namely, when the public goods problem has the weakest-link structure and can be represented as an assurance game, then the cooperative outcome will be self-enforcing. In many cases, the public goods problems can be transformed into weakest-link games or different mechanisms can be found to ensure cooperation. We also discuss the difference between a public goods problem and collusion. We assert that, unlike public goods problems, collusive agreements have the structure of a prisoner's dilemma. Overall, our paper suggests that there are reasons to be optimistic about stability and efficiency of stateless societal orders.

After the Fall

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Daniel Batson
Keyword(s):  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Paradise Lost ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types

Like Milton’s couple at the end of Paradise Lost, we find ourselves banished from the Eden of Egoism and needing to reassess what it means to be human. Evidence for empathy-induced altruism, including two prisoner’s dilemma experiments described here, challenges the parsimonious assumption that we only want to maximize self-interest (egoism). And, the world outside Eden is even more challenging because, in addition to egoism and altruism, two more motives must be considered: collectivism (concern for the welfare of a group) and principlism (concern to uphold some moral principle, standard, or ideal). These four types of motivation sometimes conflict, sometimes cooperate. One way to promote a more just and caring society may be to orchestrate motives of different types so that the strengths of one type can overcome the weaknesses of another. Combining an appeal to empathy-induced altruism with an appeal to principle seems especially promising. Examples of such orchestration are provided.

Enhancing ICJ Procedures in Order to Promote Fundamental Values

2021 ◽  
pp. 241-263
Author(s):  
Paula Wojcikiewicz Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Global Public Goods ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
International Courts ◽  
Effective Application ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
The World ◽  
Substantive Law ◽  
Fundamental Values

By developing international law, international courts – ‘intermediate Global Public Goods (GPG)’ – can also contribute to the protection and promotion of final GPG. The International Court of Justice (ICJ), in particular, is capable of promoting GPG by adjudicating inter-state claims. However, one of the main obstacles faced by the World Court relates to the existing tension between the bilateral nature of its own proceedings and the multilateral nature of the conflicting substantive law. Considering that procedure may guide and shape the application of substantive law, it will be argued that it should itself be interpreted and developed in a manner to ensure community interests. This chapter argues that the Court should assume expanded procedural powers in order to ensure the effective application of substantive law whenever GPG are at issue. Most procedural rules can be adjusted and tailored for multiparty aspects with the aim of protecting community interests and enhancing the international court’s legitimacy.

scholarly journals Reimagining the World Bank: Global Public Goods in an Age of Crisis

World Affairs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 184 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-175
Author(s):  
Dominik Kopiński ◽  
Marek Wróblewski
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
World Bank ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Global Public Goods ◽  
Senior Staff ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Multilateral Institutions ◽  
Global Challenges ◽  
The World ◽  
Operational Constraints

For some time now, there has been a push for the World Bank to shift its focus toward global public goods (GPGs). These are goods that, once delivered, can be unrestrictedly consumed by most—if not all—countries on the planet. Nor are their benefits rivalrous. Moreover, the production of GPGs cannot be left to markets or individual countries, as these have suboptimal incentives to act. In the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak, the concept of GPGs has seen a revival of sorts, with the pandemic not only striking just as multilateralism was at its lowest ebb, but also serving as irrefutable proof that the world needs international collaboration now more than ever. Multilateral institutions, and in particular the World Bank—a leading global institution with global membership—can rightfully be regarded as a possible solution to many global challenges. Based on interviews conducted with World Bank senior staff, as well as numerous experts, this article discusses arguments in favor of such a strategic shift. While there are legitimate claims for the Bank becoming a full-fledged provider of GPGs, the institution’s historical roots and operational constraints make this an unlikely prospect.

Exploring East Asian Sustainable Governance Via Municipal International Cooperation

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-90
Author(s):  
Seung-Ho Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Global Public Goods ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Globalizing World ◽  
The World ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Conceptual Evolution

This paper begins with a look into the emergence of global public goods in a globalizing world and argues for the potential of Municipal International Cooperation (MIC) as an effective vehicle for rectifying the under-provision of global public goods. It continues with a review of the evolution, tools and issues of MIC. Next is an investigation of the conceptual evolution of ‘sustainable development’ as a powerful catchword in current MIC programs and some exemplary cases of MIC in pursuit of sustainable development. Finally, the paper ends with a discussion about the need for an MIC approach to East Asian Sustainable Governance in the years ahead. Our motto, therefore, perhaps should be “Cities of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your slums, your poverty and your military expendability.” On this note of modest long-run optimism, I had better conclude for fear that the pessimism of short-run catches up with us first.

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