scholarly journals Protective humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 persist up to 1 year after recovery

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengqian Feng ◽  
Jingrong Shi ◽  
Qinghong Fan ◽  
Yaping Wang ◽  
Huang Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 vaccination has been launched worldwide to build effective population-level immunity to curb the spread of this virus. The effectiveness and duration of protective immunity is a critical factor for public health. Here, we report the kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 specific immune response in 204 individuals up to 1-year after recovery from COVID-19. RBD-IgG and full-length spike-IgG concentrations and serum neutralizing capacity decreases during the first 6-months, but is maintained stably up to 1-year after hospital discharge. Even individuals who had generated high IgG levels during early convalescent stages had IgG levels that had decreased to a similar level one year later. Notably, the RBD-IgG level positively correlates with serum neutralizing capacity, suggesting the representative role of RBD-IgG in predicting serum protection. Moreover, viral-specific cellular immune protection, including spike and nucleoprotein specific, persisted between 6 months and 12 months. Altogether, our study supports the persistence of viral-specific protective immunity over 1 year.

scholarly journals Protective Efficacy of an Inactive Vaccine Based on the LY02 Isolate against AcuteHaemophilus parasuisInfection in Piglets

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Hua Li ◽  
Guo-Zhen Zhao ◽  
Long-Xin Qiu ◽  
Ai-Ling Dai ◽  
Wang-Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
Fujian Province ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Glässer’S Disease ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Glasser's Disease

Haemophilus parasuiscan cause Glässer’s disease characterized by fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, and meningitis. The current prevention of Glässer’s disease is mainly based on the inactive vaccines; however, the protective efficacy usually fails in heterogeneous or homologous challenges. Here, the predominant lineage ofH. parasuis(LY02 strain) in Fujian province, China, characterized as serovar 5, was used to evaluate the protective immunity against acuteH. parasuisinfection in piglets after inactivation. Following challenging withH. parasuis,only mild lesions in the pigs immunized with the killed vaccine were observed, whereas the typical symptoms of Glässer’s disease presented in the nonimmunized piglets. A strong IgG immune response was induced by the inactive vaccine. CD4+and CD8+T lymphocyte levels were increased, indicating the potent cellular immune responses were elicited. The significantly high levels of IL-2, IL-4, TGF-β, and IFN-γin sera from pigs immunized with this killed vaccine suggested that the mixed Th1 and Th2 immune responses were induced, associated with the high protection againstH. parasuisinfection compared to the nonimmunized animals. This study indicated that the inactivated LY02 strain ofH. parasuiscould serve as a potential vaccine candidate to prevent the prevalence ofH. parasuisin Fujian province, China.

scholarly journals Transmission heterogeneities, kinetics, and controllability of SARS-CoV-2

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. eabe2424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaiyuan Sun ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Lidong Gao ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Kaiwei Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Symptom Presentation ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
The Family ◽  
Infectious Disease Dynamics ◽  
Kinetics Of

A long-standing question in infectious disease dynamics concerns the role of transmission heterogeneities, driven by demography, behavior and interventions. Based on detailed patient and contact tracing data in Hunan, China we find 80% of secondary infections traced back to 15% of SARS-CoV-2 primary infections, indicating substantial transmission heterogeneities. Transmission risk scales positively with the duration of exposure and the closeness of social interactions and is modulated by demographic and clinical factors. The lockdown period increases transmission risk in the family and households, while isolation and quarantine reduce risks across all types of contacts. The reconstructed infectiousness profile of a typical SARS-CoV-2 patient peaks just before symptom presentation. Modeling indicates SARS-CoV-2 control requires the synergistic efforts of case isolation, contact quarantine, and population-level interventions, owing to the specific transmission kinetics of this virus.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF HUMORAL ANTIBODIES IN REJECTION OF SKIN HOMOGRAFTS IN RABBITS

1961 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto R. Kretschmer ◽  
Ruy Peréz-Tamayo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Skin Graft ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Antibodies ◽  
Skin Homograft ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Control Skin

Gross and microscopic observations of skin homograft rejection carried out in cortisone-conditioned and non-conditioned rabbits seem to indicate that humoral antibodies play an important role in the phenomenon. Thus, local administration of isoimmune serum to animals bearing skin homografts resulted in a significantly earlier rejection of that particular test graft without modifying the course of a neighboring control-skin graft. This result appears to support the idea that homograft rejection is not only due to cellular antibodies but to a combination of both humoral and cellular immune responses, which should not be regarded as completely unrelated.

scholarly journals Detection of a gamma interferon-induced protein IP-10 in psoriatic plaques.

1988 ◽  
Vol 168 (3) ◽  
pp. 941-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Gottlieb ◽  
A D Luster ◽  
D N Posnett ◽  
D M Carter
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cdna Probe ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Pathologic Features ◽  
Dermal Infiltrate ◽  
Cellular Immune

The pathologic features of psoriatic plaques are inflammation and increased epidermal turnover. IP-10, a cytokine the expression of which is induced by gamma-interferon, is a member of a family of soluble mediators with inflammatory and growth-promoting activities. IP-10 protein was detected in keratinocytes and the dermal infiltrate from active psoriatic plaques using an affinity-purified rabbit anti-IP-10 antibody in immunoperoxidase studies. Successful treatment of active plaques decreased IP-10 expression in plaques. These results were corroborated by Northern blot analysis with an IP-10 cDNA probe. We have previously detected activated T cells and HLA-DR keratinocytes in active psoriatic plaques. Since IP-10 is detected in delayed cellular immune responses, the present study further points to the role of ongoing cellular immune responses in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

scholarly journals Intrarectal Immunization with Rotavirus 2/6 Virus-Like Particles Induces an Antirotavirus Immune Response Localized in the Intestinal Mucosa and Protects against Rotavirus Infection in Mice

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (8) ◽  
pp. 3823-3832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Agnello ◽  
Christine A. Hervé ◽  
Amandine Lavaux ◽  
Magali Darniot ◽  
Patrice Guillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Severe Gastroenteritis ◽  
Iga Production ◽  
Cellular Immune

ABSTRACT Rotavirus (RV) is the main etiological agent of severe gastroenteritis in infants, and vaccination seems the most effective way to control the disease. Recombinant rotavirus-like particles composed of the viral protein 6 (VP6) and VP2 (2/6-VLPs) have been reported to induce protective immunity in mice when administered by the intranasal (i.n.) route. In this study, we show that administration of 2/6-VLPs by the intrarectal (i.r.) route together with either cholera toxin (CT) or a CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotide as the adjuvant protects adult mice against RV infection. Moreover, when CT is used, RV shedding in animals immunized by the i.r. route is even reduced in comparison with that in animals immunized by the i.n. route. Humoral and cellular immune responses induced by these immunization protocols were analyzed. We found that although i.r. immunization with 2/6-VLPs induces lower RV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA levels in serum, intestinal anti-RV IgA production is higher in mice immunized by the i.r. route. Cellular immune response has been evaluated by measuring cytokine production by spleen and Peyer's patch cells (PPs) after ex vivo restimulation with RV. Mice immunized by the i.n. and i.r. routes display higher gamma interferon production in spleen and PPs, respectively. In conclusion, we demonstrate that i.r. immunization with 2/6-VLPs protects against RV infection in mice and is more efficient than i.n. immunization in inducing an anti-RV immune response in intestinal mucosa.

scholarly journals Population heterogeneity is a critical factor of the kinetics of the COVID-19 epidemics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalkhat M. Ediev
Keyword(s):  
Compartmental Model ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Population Heterogeneity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Kinetics Of

The novel coronavirus pandemic generates extensive attention in political and scholarly domains 1–4. Its potentially lasting prospects, economic and social consequences call for a better understanding of its nature. The widespread expectations of large portions of the population to be infected or vaccinated before containing the COVID-19 epidemics rely on assuming a homogeneous population. In reality, people differ in the propensity to catch the infection and spread it further. Here, we incorporate population heterogeneity into the Kermack-McKendrick SIR compartmental model 5 and show the cost of the pandemic may be much lower than usually assumed. We also indicate the crucial role of correctly planning lockdown interventions. We found that an efficient lockdown strategy may reduce the cost of the epidemic to as low as several percents in a heterogeneous population. That level is comparable to prevalences found in serological surveys 6. We expect that our study will be followed by more extensive data-driven research on epidemiological dynamics in heterogeneous populations.

scholarly journals Development of a Multi-Antigenic SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Using a Synthetic Poxvirus Platform

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Chiuppesi ◽  
Marcela d’Alincourt Salazar ◽  
Heidi Contreras ◽  
Vu Nguyen ◽  
Joy Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Synthetic Dna ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Immunodominant Antigens ◽  
Cellular Immune

Abstract Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated poxvirus vector that is widely used to develop vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer. We developed a novel vaccine platform based on a unique three-plasmid system to efficiently generate recombinant MVA vectors from chemically synthesized DNA. In response to the ongoing global pandemic caused by SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), we used this novel vaccine platform to rapidly produce fully synthetic MVA (sMVA) vectors co-expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid antigens, two immunodominant antigens implicated in protective immunity. Mice immunized with these sMVA vectors developed robust SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, including potent neutralizing antibodies. These results demonstrate the potential of a novel vaccine platform based on synthetic DNA to efficiently generate recombinant MVA vectors and to rapidly develop a multi-antigenic poxvirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate.

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