<p>Volcanic activity is widespread within the inner Solar system and it can be commonly observed on rocky planets.<br>In this work, we analyse the structures of Pavonis Mons, which is one of the three large volcanoes in the Tharsis volcanic province of Mars, by performing structural mapping, azimuth, and topographic distribution of linear features on the flanks of Pavonis, such as grabens and pit chains. We tested whether their formation is to be ascribed to the internal volcano dynamics and magmatic activity or the tectonics related to the Tharsis volcanic province activity.<br>Through the length size distribution and fractal clustering analyses of the structural features, we found that large grabens are vertically confined in the upper mechanical layers of the brittle crust whereas pit chains penetrate the whole crust up to the magmatic source, indicating that they can be considered the main feeders of Pavonis Mons. We inverted the topography with dykes and faults models to test whether grabens at the surface are the expression of intrusions at depth and we suggest that thin dykes inducing normal faulting is the most likely mechanism. Furthermore, two azimuthal distribution of the grabens are identified: concentric grabens occur on the volcano summit while linear grabens at its base show NE-SW trend as the Tharsis Montes volcanoes alignment. The analyses show that faults related to large grabens are confined in a mechanical layering in the upper layers of the brittle crust, whereas deeper structures such as pit chains are most likely associated to magma injection/dykes and therefore, connected to the subcrustal magma source at a depth of ~80&#8211;100 km.<br>Therefore, based on our results, we infer that Pavonis Mons recorded active rifting at the initial stages of development with the formation of the large linear graben and faults at its base followed by a phase of volcano growth and concentric magma intrusions when volcano and magma chamber dynamics prevailed</p>
Rates of protoplanetary accretion and differentiation set nitrogen budget of rocky planets
