carbon loss
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CATENA ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 105970
Author(s):  
Hongfen Teng ◽  
Songchao Chen ◽  
Zhongkui Luo ◽  
Zhou Shi ◽  
Yin Zhou ◽  
...  

2022 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 104361
Author(s):  
Lei Qin ◽  
Chris Freeman ◽  
Yuanchun Zou ◽  
Guodong Wang ◽  
Nathalie Fenner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 364
Author(s):  
Saqib Sohail Toor ◽  
Ayaz Ali Shah ◽  
Kamaldeep Sharma ◽  
Tahir Hussain Seehar ◽  
Thomas Helmer Pedersen ◽  
...  

In the present study, the protein-extracted grass residue (press cake) was processed through hydrothermal liquefaction under sub and supercritical temperatures (300, 350 and 400 °C) with and without using a potassium carbonate catalyst. The results revealed that bio-crude yield was influenced by both temperature and the catalyst. The catalyst was found to be effective at 350 °C (350 Cat) for enhancing the bio-crude yield, whereas supercritical state in both catalytic and non-catalytic conditions improved the quality of bio-crude with reasonable HHVs (33 to 36 MJ/kg). The thermal behaviour of bio-crude was analysed and higher volatile contents (more than 50% under the range of 350 °C) were found at supercritical conditions. The overall TOC values in the residual aqueous phase varied from 22 to 38 g/L. Higher carbon loss was noticed in the aqueous phase in supercritical conditions. Furthermore, GCMS analysis showed ketones, acids and ester, aromatics and hydrocarbon with negligible nitrogen-containing compounds in bio-crude. In conclusion, the catalytic conversion of grass residue under subcritical conditions (350 Cat) is favourable in terms of high bio-crude yield, however, supercritical conditions promote the deoxygenation of oxygen-containing compounds in biomass and thus improve HHVs of bio-crude.


2022 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 105810
Author(s):  
M.O. Kukkonen ◽  
M. Khamis ◽  
M.J. Muhammad ◽  
N. Käyhkö ◽  
M. Luoto

CATENA ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 105719
Author(s):  
Gusti Z. Anshari ◽  
Evi Gusmayanti ◽  
M. Afifudin ◽  
Monika Ruwaimana ◽  
Lauren Hendricks ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuo Wang ◽  
Jie Zeng ◽  
Wanxu Chen

Abstract Carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems, which is the basis of the global carbon cycle, reflects the changes in the environment due to anthropogenic impacts. Rapid and effective assessment of the impact of urban expansion on carbon reserves is vital for the sustainable development of urban ecosystems. Previous studies lack research regarding different scenarios during future city and comprehensive analysis on the driving factors from the socioeconomic point of view. Therefore, this study examined Wuhan, China and explored the latent effects of urban expansion on terrestrial carbon storage by combining the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) and Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model. Based on different socioeconomic strategies, we developed three future scenarios, including Baseline Scenario (BS), Cropland Protection Scenario (CP), and Ecological protection Scenario (EP), to predict the urban built-up land use change from 2015 to 2035 in Wuhan and discussed the carbon storage impacts of urban expansion. The result shows that: (1) Wuhan's urban built-up land area expanded 2.67 times between 1980 and 2015, which is approximately 685.17 km2 and is expected to continuously expand to 1,349–1,945.01 km2 by 2035. (2) Urban expansion in Wuhan has caused carbon storage loss by 5.12×106 t during 1980–2015 and will lead to carbon storage loss by 6.15×106 t, 4.7×106 t, and 4.05×106 t under BS, CP, and EP scenarios from 2015 to 2035, accounting for 85.42%, 81.74%, and 78.79% of the total carbon loss, respectively. (3) The occupation of cropland by urban expansion is closely related to the road system expansion, which is the main driver of carbon storage reduction from 2015 to 2035. (4) We expect that by 2035, the districts facing carbon loss caused by the growth of urban built-up land will expand outward around secondary roads, and the scale of outward expansion under various scenarios will be ranked as: BS >CP > EP. In combination, the InVEST and the PLUS model can assess the impact of urban expansion on carbon storage more efficiently and is conducive to carrying out urban planning and promoting a dynamic balance between urban economic development and human well-being.


Author(s):  
Angela R. Possinger ◽  
Tyler L. Weiglein ◽  
Maggie M. Bowman ◽  
Adrian C. Gallo ◽  
Jeff A. Hatten ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qina Yan ◽  
Praveen Kumar

Soil respiration that releases CO2 into the atmosphere roughly balances the net primary productivity and varies widely in space and time. However, predicting its spatial variability, particularly in intensively managed landscapes, is challenging due to a lack of understanding of the roles of soil organic carbon (SOC) redistribution resulting from accelerated soil erosion. Here we simulate the heterotrophic carbon loss (HCL)—defined as microbial decomposition of SOC—with soil transport, SOC surface redistribution, and biogeochemical transformation in an agricultural field. The results show that accelerated soil erosion extends the spatial variation of the HCL, and the mechanical-mixing due to tillage further accentuates the contrast. The peak values of HCL occur in areas where soil transport rates are relatively small. Moreover, HCL has a strong correlation with the SOC redistribution rate rather than the soil transport rate. This work characterizes the roles of soil and SOC transport in restructuring the spatial variability of HCL at high spatio-temporal resolution.


Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1380
Author(s):  
Bayu Dume ◽  
Ales Hanc ◽  
Pavel Svehla ◽  
Pavel Míchal ◽  
Abraham Demelash Chane ◽  
...  

Owing to rapid population growth, sewage sludge poses a serious environmental threat across the world. Composting and vermicomposting are biological technologies commonly used to stabilize sewage sludge. The objective of this study was to assess the carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions from sewage sludge composting and vermicomposting under the influence of different proportions of straw pellets. Four treatments were designed, by mixing the initial sewage sludge with varying ratio of pelletized wheat straw (0, 25%, 50%, and 75% (w/w)). The experiment was conducted for 60 days, and Eisenia andrei was used for vermicomposting. The results revealed that the mixing ratio influenced CO2 (F = 36.1, p = 0.000) and CH4 (F= 73.9, p = 0.000) emissions during composting and CO2 (F= 13.8, p = 0.000) and CH4 (F= 4.5, p= 0.004) vermicomposting. Vermicomposting significantly reduced CH4 emissions by 18–38%, while increasing CO2 emissions by 64–89%. The mixing agent (pelletized wheat straw) decreased CO2 emission by 60–70% and CH4 emission by 30–80% compared to control (0%). The mass balance indicated that 5.5–10.4% of carbon was loss during composting, while methane release accounted for 0.34–1.69%, and CO2 release accounted for 2.3–8.65%. However, vermicomposting lost 8.98–13.7% of its carbon, with a methane release of 0.1–0.6% and CO2 release of 5.0–11.6% of carbon. The carbon loss was 3.3–3.5% more under vermicomposting than composting. This study demonstrated that depending on the target gas to be reduced, composting and vermicomposting, as well as a mixing agent (pelletized wheat straw), could be an option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (i.e. CH4, CO2).


Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Trubl ◽  
Jeffrey A. Kimbrel ◽  
Jose Liquet-Gonzalez ◽  
Erin E. Nuccio ◽  
Peter K. Weber ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Winter carbon loss in northern ecosystems is estimated to be greater than the average growing season carbon uptake and is primarily driven by microbial decomposers. Viruses modulate microbial carbon cycling via induced mortality and metabolic controls, but it is unknown whether viruses are active under winter conditions (anoxic and sub-freezing temperatures). Results We used stable isotope probing (SIP) targeted metagenomics to reveal the genomic potential of active soil microbial populations under simulated winter conditions, with an emphasis on viruses and virus-host dynamics. Arctic peat soils from the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research site in Alaska were incubated under sub-freezing anoxic conditions with H218O or natural abundance water for 184 and 370 days. We sequenced 23 SIP-metagenomes and measured carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux throughout the experiment. We identified 46 bacterial populations (spanning 9 phyla) and 243 viral populations that actively took up 18O in soil and respired CO2 throughout the incubation. Active bacterial populations represented only a small portion of the detected microbial community and were capable of fermentation and organic matter degradation. In contrast, active viral populations represented a large portion of the detected viral community and one third were linked to active bacterial populations. We identified 86 auxiliary metabolic genes and other environmentally relevant genes. The majority of these genes were carried by active viral populations and had diverse functions such as carbon utilization and scavenging that could provide their host with a fitness advantage for utilizing much-needed carbon sources or acquiring essential nutrients. Conclusions Overall, there was a stark difference in the identity and function of the active bacterial and viral community compared to the unlabeled community that would have been overlooked with a non-targeted standard metagenomic analysis. Our results illustrate that substantial active virus-host interactions occur in sub-freezing anoxic conditions and highlight viruses as a major community-structuring agent that likely modulates carbon loss in peat soils during winter, which may be pivotal for understanding the future fate of arctic soils' vast carbon stocks.


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