scholarly journals Impact of vaccination on new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Pritchard ◽  
Philippa C. Matthews ◽  
Nicole Stoesser ◽  
David W. Eyre ◽  
Owen Gethings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Community Based ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
Private Households ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Viral Burden ◽  
General Community ◽  
Nose And Throat

AbstractThe effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in preventing new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in the general community is still unclear. Here, we used the Office for National Statistics COVID-19 Infection Survey—a large community-based survey of individuals living in randomly selected private households across the United Kingdom—to assess the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford–AstraZeneca; ChAdOx1) vaccines against any new SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive tests, split according to self-reported symptoms, cycle threshold value (<30 versus ≥30; as a surrogate for viral load) and gene positivity pattern (compatible with B.1.1.7 or not). Using 1,945,071 real-time PCR results from nose and throat swabs taken from 383,812 participants between 1 December 2020 and 8 May 2021, we found that vaccination with the ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccines already reduced SARS-CoV-2 infections ≥21 d after the first dose (61% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 54–68%) versus 66% (95% CI = 60–71%), respectively), with greater reductions observed after a second dose (79% (95% CI = 65–88%) versus 80% (95% CI = 73–85%), respectively). The largest reductions were observed for symptomatic infections and/or infections with a higher viral burden. Overall, COVID-19 vaccination reduced the number of new SARS-CoV-2 infections, with the largest benefit received after two vaccinations and against symptomatic and high viral burden infections, and with no evidence of a difference between the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines.

scholarly journals Effect of Delta variant on viral burden and vaccine effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen B. Pouwels ◽  
Emma Pritchard ◽  
Philippa C. Matthews ◽  
Nicole Stoesser ◽  
David W. Eyre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Viral Burden ◽  
Alpha Variant ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Prior Infection ◽  
Similar Peak

AbstractThe effectiveness of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines against new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections requires continuous re-evaluation, given the increasingly dominant B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of these vaccines in a large, community-based survey of randomly selected households across the United Kingdom. We found that the effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 against infections (new polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive cases) with symptoms or high viral burden is reduced with the B.1.617.2 variant (absolute difference of 10–13% for BNT162b2 and 16% for ChAdOx1) compared to the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant. The effectiveness of two doses remains at least as great as protection afforded by prior natural infection. The dynamics of immunity after second doses differed significantly between BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1, with greater initial effectiveness against new PCR-positive cases but faster declines in protection against high viral burden and symptomatic infection with BNT162b2. There was no evidence that effectiveness varied by dosing interval, but protection was higher in vaccinated individuals after a prior infection and in younger adults. With B.1.617.2, infections occurring after two vaccinations had similar peak viral burden as those in unvaccinated individuals. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination still reduces new infections, but effectiveness and attenuation of peak viral burden are reduced with B.1.617.2.

scholarly journals The Impact Of COVID-19 On Out-Of-Hours Adult Hospice Care: An Online Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicity Hasson ◽  
Paul Slater ◽  
Anne Fee ◽  
Tracey McConnell ◽  
Sheila Payne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Out Of Hours ◽  
Care Services ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Palliative Care Services ◽  
The Impact

Abstract BackgroundGlobally COVID-19 has had a profound impact on the provision of healthcare, including palliative care. However, there is little evidence about the impact of COVID-19 on delivery of out-of-hours specialist palliative care services in the United Kingdom. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the delivery of out-of-hours community-based palliative care services.Methods A national online census survey of managers of adult hospices in the United Kingdom was undertaken. Survey were emailed to managers of adult hospices (n=150) who provided out-of-hours community palliative care services. Fifteen questions related specifically to the impact of COVID-19 and data were analysed thematically.ResultsEighty-one responses to the survey were returned (54% response rate); 59 were complete of which 47 contained COVID-19 data. Findings indicated that COVID-19 impacted on out-of-hours community-based palliative care. To meet increased patient need, hospices reconfigured services; redeployed staff; and introduced new policies and procedures to minimize virus transmission. Lack of integration between charitably and state funded palliative care providers was reported. The interconnected issues of the use and availability of Personal Protective Equipment (n=21) and infection control screening (n=12) resulted in changes in nursing practices due to fear of contagion for patients, carers and staff. Conclusions Survey findings suggest that due to increased demand for community palliative care services, hospices had to rapidly adapt and reconfigure services. Even though this response to the pandemic led to some service improvements, in the main, out-of-hours service reconfiguration resulted in challenges for hospices, including workforce issues, and availability of resources such as Personal Protective Equipment. These challenges were exacerbated by lack of integration with wider healthcare services. More research is required to fully understand the implications of such changes on the quality of care provided.

Engineering cohesion: a reflection on academic practice in a community‑based setting

2019 ◽  
pp. 167-178
Author(s):  
Arshad Isakjee
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Academic Practice ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Heath Community ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Different Parts

Social policies in the United Kingdom have undergone a ‘community turn’ over the last two decades, with emphasis increasingly on ‘community cohesion’ rather than ‘social disadvantage’ and exclusion. Whilst academics have explored this trend, there is less reflective work on academic community-based practice that operates on the same terrain. This chapter offers critical self-reflection of our academic practice within the community budgeting and commissioning phase in Balsall Heath, Birmingham. Reflecting on the processes of bringing different parts of the Balsall Heath community together for the project, we consider not just the challenges of ‘constructing community’ in this way, but also, the logics that underpin it.

Smoking Profiles of Patients Admitted for Neurosis

1981 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Salmons ◽  
Andrew Sims
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Control Group ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Detailed Record ◽  
General Household Survey

SummaryA detailed record of the smoking habits of 83 patients treated in hospital for neurosis was compared with national statistics derived from the General Household Survey and Statistics of Smoking in the United Kingdom, and with a control group of patients admitted for treatment of varicose veins. Neurotic patients were more likely to be smokers. They started to smoke at a younger age, smoked more cigarettes and were more likely to inhale deeply. It is concluded that neurotic patients have a greater exposure to the potentially toxic effects of cigarette smoking than non-neurotic individuals.

CKD and Mortality Risk in Older People: A Community-Based Population Study in the United Kingdom

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 950-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Roderick ◽  
Richard J. Atkins ◽  
Liam Smeeth ◽  
Adrian Mylne ◽  
Dorothea D.M. Nitsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Older People ◽  
Population Study ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The United Kingdom

scholarly journals Who’s miserable now? Identifying clusters of people with the lowest subjective wellbeing in the UK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Dolan ◽  
Kate Laffan ◽  
Alina Velias
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Clustering Analysis ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
The Uk

AbstractPolicymakers are generally most concerned about improving the lives of the worst-off members of society. Identifying these people can be challenging. We take various measures of subjective wellbeing (SWB) as indicators of the how well people are doing in life and employ Latent Class Analysis to identify those with greatest propensity to be among the worst-off in a nationally representative sample of over 215,000 people in the United Kingdom. Our results have important implications for how best to analyse data on SWB and who to target when looking to improve the lives of those with the lowest SWB (The authors owe a massive debt of gratitude to the Office for National Statistics for their support throughout this research. We are particularly grateful to Dawn Snape and Eleanor Rees for their valuable comments on earlier drafts of this paper, to Salah Mehad for the thorough review of methodology, and to Vahe Nafilyan for advice on clustering analysis. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for the very helpful comments. Thank you all very much.).

scholarly journals Lineage replacement and evolution captured by the United Kingdom Covid Infection Survey

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina A Lythgoe ◽  
Tanya Golubchik ◽  
Matthew Hall ◽  
Thomas House ◽  
George MacIntyre-Cockett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Surveillance Studies ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
Major Lineage ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Large Household ◽  
Viral Sequencing

The Office for National Statistics COVID-19 Infection Survey is a large household-based surveillance study based in the United Kingdom. Here, we report on the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 determined by analysing sequenced samples collected up until 13th November 2021. We observed four distinct sweeps or partial-sweeps, by lineages B.1.177, B.1.1.7/Alpha, B.1.617.2/Delta, and finally AY.4.2, a sublineage of B.1.617.2, with each sweeping lineage having a distinct growth advantage compared to their predecessors. Evolution was characterised by steady rates of evolution and increasing diversity within lineages, but with step increases in divergence associated with each sweeping major lineage, leading to a faster overall rate of evolution and fluctuating levels of diversity. These observations highlight the value of viral sequencing integrated into community surveillance studies to monitor the viral epidemiology and evolution of SARS-CoV-2, and potentially other pathogens, particularly as routine PCR testing is phased out or in settings where large-scale sequencing is not feasible.

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